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Coping with catastrophe
Each April in Japan, people participate in a tradition called “hanami,” or cherry-blossom viewing, where they picnic under the blooming trees. The tradition has a second purpose: The presence of people at these gatherings, often by water, helps solidify riverbanks and protect them from spring floods. The celebration has a dual purpose, by addressing, however incrementally, the threat of natural disaster.
The practice of creating things that also protect against disasters can be seen all over Japan, where many new or renovated school buildings have design features unfamiliar to students elsewhere. In Tokyo, one elementary school has a roof swimming pool that stores water and is used to help the building’s toilets flush, plus an additional rainwater catchment tank and exterior stairs leading to a large balcony that wraps around one side of the building.
Why? Well, Japan is prone to natural disasters, such as tsunamis, earthquakes, and flooding. The country’s schools often double as evacuation sites for local residents, and design practices increasingly reflect this. In normal times, the roof pool is where students learn to swim and helps keep the school cool, and the large balcony is used by spectators watching the adjacent school athletics field. In emergencies, water storage is crucial and exterior stairs help people ascend quickly to the gymnasium, built on the second floor — to keep evacuees safer during flooding.
Meanwhile, in one Tokyo district, rooftop solar power is now common. Some schools feature skylights and courtyards to bring in natural light. Again, these architectural features serve dual purposes. Solar power, for one, lowers annual operating costs, and it provides electricity even in case of grid troubles.
These are examples of what MIT scholar Miho Mazereeuw has termed “anticipatory design,” in which structures and spaces are built with dual uses, for daily living and for when crisis strikes.
“The idea is to have these proactive measures in place rather than being reactionary and jumping into action only after something has happened,” says Mazereeuw, an associate professor in MIT’s Department of Architecture and a leading expert on resilient design.
Now Mazereeuw has a new book on the subject, “Design Before Disaster: Japan’s Culture of Preparedness,” published by the University of Virginia Press. Based on many years of research, with extensive illustrations, Mazereeuw examines scores of successful design examples from Japan, both in terms of architectural features and the civic process that created them.
“I’m hoping there can be a culture shift,” Mazereeuw says. “Wherever you can invent design outcomes to help society be more resilient beforehand, it is not at exorbitant cost. You can design for exceptional everyday spaces but embed other infrastructure and flexibility in there, so when there is a flood event or earthquake, those buildings have more capability.”
Bosai and barbecue
Mazereeuw, who is also the head of MIT’s Urban Risk Lab, has been studying disaster preparedness for over 30 years. As part of the Climate Project at MIT, she is also one of the mission directors and has worked with communities around the world on resiliency planning.
Japan has a particularly well-established culture of preparedness, often referred to through the Japanese word “bosai.” Mazereeuw has been studying the country’s practices carefully since the 1990s. In researching the book, she has visited hundreds of sites in the country and talked to many officials, designers, and citizens along the way.
Indeed, Mazereeuw emphasizes, “A major theme in the book is connecting the top-down and bottom-up.” Some good design ideas come from planners and architects. Other have come from community groups and local residents. All these sources are important.
“The Japanese government does invest a lot in disaster research and recovery,” Mazereeuw says. “But I would hate for people in other countries to think this isn’t possible elsewhere. It’s the opposite. There are a lot of examples in here that don’t cost extra, because of careful design through community participation.”
As one example, Mazereeuw devotes a chapter of the book to public parks, which are often primary evacuation spaces for residents in case of emergency. Some have outdoor cooking facilities, which in normal times are used for, say, a weekend barbecue or local community events but are also there in case of emergency. Some parks also have water storage, or restroom facilities designed to expand if needed, and many serve as flood reservoirs, protecting the surrounding neighborhood.
“The barbecue facilities are a great example of dual use, connecting the everyday with disaster preparedness,” Mazereeuw says. “You can bring food into this beautiful park, so you’re used to using this space for cooking already. The idea is that your cognitive map of where you should go is connected to fun things you have done in the past.”
Some of the parks Mazereeuw surveys in the book are tiny pocket parks, which are also filled with useful resilience tools.
“Anticipatory design does not have to be monumental,” Mazereeuw writes in the book.
Negotiating through design
To be sure, some disaster mitigation measures are difficult to enact. In the Naiwan district of Kesennuma, as Mazereeuw outlines in the book, much of the local port area was destroyed in the 2011 tsunami, and the government wanted to build a seawall as part of the reconstruction plan. Some local residents and fishermen were unenthusiastic; a seawall could limit ocean access. Finally, after extended negotiations, designers created a seawall integrated into a new commercial district with cafes and stores, as well as new areas of public water access.
“This project used the power of design to negotiate between prefectural and local regulations, structural integrity and aesthetics, ocean access and safety,” Mazereeuw says.
Ultimately, working to build a coalition in support of resilience measures can help create more interesting and useful designs.
Other scholars have praised “Design Before Disaster.” Daniel P. Aldrich, a professor at Northeastern University, has called the book a “well-researched, clearly written investigation” into Japanese disaster-management practices, adding that any officials or citizens around the world “who seek to keep residents and communities safe from shocks of all kinds will learn something important from this book. It sets a high bar for future scholarship in the field.”
For her part, Mazereeuw emphasizes, “We can learn from the Japanese example, but it’s not a copy-paste thing. The book is so people can understand the essence of it and then create their own disaster preparedness culture and approach. This should be an all-hands process. Emergency management is not about relying on managers. It’s figuring out how we all play a part.”
Technological improvements in EV batteries offset climate-induced durability challenges
Nature Climate Change, Published online: 02 March 2026; doi:10.1038/s41558-026-02579-z
Electric vehicles (EV) will be widely adopted in the near future, but worsening climate change will impact the performance and longevity of EV batteries. This research reveals the scale and distribution of these effects and how technological advancements could mitigate battery lifetime reductions.Featured video: Coding for underwater robotics
During a summer internship at MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Ivy Mahncke, an undergraduate student of robotics engineering at Olin College of Engineering, took a hands-on approach to testing algorithms for underwater navigation. She first discovered her love for working with underwater robotics as an intern at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in 2024. Drawn by the chance to tackle new problems and cutting-edge algorithm development, Mahncke began an internship with Lincoln Laboratory's Advanced Undersea Systems and Technology Group in 2025.
Mahncke spent the summer developing and troubleshooting an algorithm that would help a human diver and robotic vehicle collaboratively navigate underwater. The lack of traditional localization aids — such as the Global Positioning System, or GPS — in an underwater environment posed challenges for navigation that Mahncke and her mentors sought to overcome. Her work in the laboratory culminated in field tests of the algorithm on an operational underwater vehicle. Accompanying group staff to field test sites in the Atlantic Ocean, Charles River, and Lake Superior, Mahncke had the opportunity see her software in action in the real world.
"One of the lead engineers on the project had split off to go do other work. And she said, 'Here's my laptop. Here are the things that you need to do. I trust you to go do them.' And so I got to be out on the water as not just an extra pair of hands, but as one of the lead field testers," Mahncke says. "I really felt that my supervisors saw me as the future generation of engineers, either at Lincoln Lab or just in the broader industry."
Says Madeline Miller, Mahncke's internship supervisor: "Ivy's internship coincided with a rigorous series of field tests at the end of an ambitious program. We figuratively threw her right in the water, and she not only floated, but played an integral part in our program's ability to hit several reach goals."
Lincoln Laboratory's summer research program runs from mid-May to August. Applications are now open.
Video by Tim Briggs/MIT Lincoln Laboratory | 2 minutes, 59 seconds
Friday Squid Blogging: Squid Fishing in Peru
Peru has increased its squid catch limit. The article says “giant squid,” but they can’t possibly mean that.
As usual, you can also use this squid post to talk about the security stories in the news that I haven’t covered.
Turning curiosity about engineering into careers
It’s not every day that aspiring teenage engineers can see firsthand how planes are built. But a collaboration between nonprofit Engineering Tomorrow, aerospace firm Boeing, and alumni of the MIT Leaders for Global Operations (LGO) program working at Boeing is aiming to turn curiosity about aerospace engineering into possible careers for young students.
Boeing is LGO’s longest-standing industry collaborator, hosting LGO internships, recruiting LGO alumni, and hosting plant treks for future engineers. Engineering Tomorrow, a nonprofit dedicated to inspiring the next generation of engineers, frames the U.S. engineering workforce shortage as an economic and national security issue — and says the shortage isn’t in just engineers with degrees, but also in trained operators and technicians. They also recognize that many kids often start as natural tinkerers, but get scared off by higher-level math.
To bring more kids into the engineering fold, the organization delivers no-cost engineering labs to middle and high school students by collaborating with influential mentors, such as LGO graduates at organizations like Boeing.
“We want to inspire students by exposing them to professional engineers to illustrate the pathways for them to be problem-solvers in society,” explains Alex Dickson, Engineering Tomorrow’s program coordinator. “The demand for engineers has just gone up dramatically. It’s about being competitive on a global scale. We try to illustrate to students that there are many pathways into these careers.”
How MIT LGO makes engineering dreams a reality
Engineering Tomorrow’s collaboration with MIT LGO grew organically, through a robust alumni network. One of the nonprofit’s board members, LGO alumna Kristine Budill SM ’93, recognized a shared interest: the sizable Boeing LGO community wanted concrete ways to connect more directly with communities, and Engineering Tomorrow does just that.
Budill connected the organization with fellow LGO alumnus Cameron Hoffman MBA ’24, SM ’24, a Boeing manufacturing strategy manager who helped translate that shared mission into a real-world opportunity: an on-site Boeing experience that made engineering tangible for high school students.
The result: One lucky high school engineering design class from Mercer Island, Washington, recently got to experience Boeing 737s being built in person. In November 2025, 30 ninth graders at Mercer Island High School traveled to Boeing’s Renton, Washington, facility to learn how planes are constructed and understand what it really takes to have a career building them.
From the outset, the goal was to avoid the typical spectator field trip. Instead, Engineering Tomorrow and Hoffman designed a structured, multi-touch experience that prepared students before they ever set foot in the factory.
First, an Engineering Tomorrow liaison introduced key aerospace concepts and an associated lab challenge to the class via Zoom, then returned in person to guide Mercer students through a hands-on airplane-design lab, helping them translate theory into practice and answer questions about engineering pathways. Students then visited Boeing’s production facility, where they spoke with engineers from multiple disciplines — not just aerospace — and toured the factory floor.
By the time they arrived, students weren’t just impressed by the scale of the operation; they understood what they were seeing, asked informed questions, and left with a sharp sense of the many routes into engineering and manufacturing careers, Dickson says.
“Cameron set up an incredible on-site experience for the students that really made real-world engineering a more tangible experience for them,” Dickson says. “Many people think Boeing is just about aerospace engineering, because Boeing is an aerospace company. But they got to hear from mechanical engineers, electrical engineers, and workers with all sorts of backgrounds who made it clear that there’s no one set pathway into engineering or manufacturing.”
Then came the best part: Students got a VIP tour of the production facility, led by Boeing staff.
A snack and a tour
“It’s awe-inspiring: Dozens of unfinished airplanes are under one site, and you see all of the real-world production engineering that goes into something that oftentimes we take for granted when we step onto an airplane,” Dickson says.
When the big day arrived, students also met with engineering teams to learn about the history of the plant, complete with fun facts geared to high schoolers. (Did you know that a 737 takes off or lands every two seconds?) They learned about different career pathways, from design to production. It was easy to envision themselves working there, Hoffman says.
“Boeing is a company that a lot of folks work at for their entire career and take a lot of pride in the work that they do. We showed them: What does that look like? Do you want to be an engineer for your entire career? Do you want to be a people leader in the facility? Do you want to be a technical expert?” Hoffman says. “And the kids asked great questions.”
Then, the students — after snacks, of course — toured the production floor, where engineers assembled planes and tested parts. For Hoffman, that experience was deeply personal: He wished he’d experienced something similar growing up.
A 10-year Boeing veteran, Hoffman led the group throughout. He started at Boeing in 2015 as a recent college graduate, where he encountered several LGO alums who recommended the program.
“I’d been deeply interested in manufacturing since my early undergrad days. Boeing was an amazing place to work because our products are so complex, and the production systems are so fascinating,” he recalls.
Over time, he wanted to transition into people leadership with an MBA degree. His Boeing colleagues, well-represented among the LGO ranks, urged him toward the MIT program.
“LGO’s network is what makes it so special,” he says.
Upon returning to Boeing after completing his LGO degrees, Hoffman joined Boeing’s LGO/Tauber Leadership Development Program, which allows him to stay regularly engaged with the MIT LGO Program. One such activity where he remains engaged with the program is through the MIT LGO Alumni Board. As part of the board, Hoffman focuses on the social good committee, and the Engineering Tomorrow high school partnership was a perfect fit to meet that committee’s goals.
For Hoffman, these leadership initiatives are what makes LGO distinctive.
“When you graduate from a program like LGO, you’re often so forward-looking. It helps to take time to reflect on what an inspiration you can be to the people who come after you. MIT LGO focuses on both engineering and business. Our students want to study engineering because they want to be problem-solvers. The LGO program, which is at the intersection of engineering and business leadership, is just an incredible inspirational program for young students to see,” Hoffman says.
It was an opportunity he didn’t get as an ambitious young high schooler.
“As a kid, the only engineering class that was available to me was architectural drafting. If this opportunity was offered to me when I was in high school, I would’ve jumped out of my shoes at the chance. You get to see products that are just so complex; you really can't believe it until you see it,” he says.
Setting a positive precedent across industries
Mercer Island engineering design teacher Michael Ketchum had high praise for the field trip, considering it transformative for his students. He estimates that roughly 80 percent of them want to be engineers. He was impressed that the experience was more than just a tour, that it also included classroom support and airplane design kits, reinforcing core engineering concepts. The collaboration allowed them to broaden a previously CAD-focused class into one that also includes 3D printing, electronics, and aerospace applications.
“For freshmen and sophomores, field trips are key. They stick in their head a bit longer than just school learning. If they get to see people getting excited talking about engineering, and it embeds it a little bit better in their brain,” Ketchum says.
In a post-trip survey, students reported being more likely to consider engineering after the experience.
“They expressed the idea that the conversations with engineers inspired them, and 100 percent of students said that seeing a production facility was one of the coolest parts of the program, which led to them being more inclined to want to be an engineer,” Engineering Tomorrow’s Dickson says.
Next year, the LGO network hopes to expand to partner with additional companies, from health care to biotech.
“The goal is to continue to create exposure. This visit was a really great proof of concept to see what’s valuable to students,” Hoffman says — and, ideally, future LGO alumni.
Why Tehran’s Two-Tiered Internet Is So Dangerous
Iran is slowly emerging from the most severe communications blackout in its history and one of the longest in the world. Triggered as part of January’s government crackdown against citizen protests nationwide, the regime implemented an internet shutdown that transcends the standard definition of internet censorship. This was not merely blocking social media or foreign websites; it was a total communications shutdown.
Unlike previous Iranian internet shutdowns where Iran’s domestic intranet—the National Information Network (NIN)—remained functional to keep the banking and administrative sectors running, the 2026 blackout ...
