This article on the walls of Constantinople is fascinating.

The system comprised four defensive lines arranged in formidable layers:

• The brick-lined ditch, divided by bulkheads and often flooded, 15­-20 meters wide and up to 7 meters deep.
• A low breastwork, about 2 meters high, enabling defenders to fire freely from behind.
• The outer wall, 8 meters tall and 2.8 meters thick, with 82 projecting towers.
• The main wall—a towering 12 meters high and 5 meters thick—with 96 massive towers offset from those of the outer wall for maximum coverage.

...

Climate change and the energy transition are driving a wave of state laws overriding local governments, with both parties driving their preferred policies.

Municipalities in the U.S. territory have asked a federal appeals court to revive their first-in-the-nation racketeering case against the oil and gas industry.

The Health Action Alliance launched its Extreme Weather + Work initiative Wednesday with 11 member companies.

The revisions highlight a growing divide among Democrats over gas prices and climate policy.

EPA's endangerment finding was an unlawful use of legislative authority reserved to Congress, the senators argue in a court brief.

The chief sustainability officer said the company may recalibrate its approach to reducing its carbon footprint.

The Atlanta-based carrier deleted its pledge to use sustainable aviation fuel for 10 percent of its jet fuel by 2030.

A “green divide” is growing between richer and poorer Europeans, a new study finds.

A 2025 report by aid group Mercy Corps warned that Kabul faces "an unprecedented humanitarian disaster within the coming decade."

Nature Climate Change, Published online: 15 April 2026; doi:10.1038/s41558-026-02617-w

Optimal climate change mitigation pathways have historically focused on achieving emissions reductions while ensuring cost efficiency. However, the broader impacts of climate action are also important for policymakers and stakeholders. We developed a method that enables mitigation pathways to be defined based on their impact on multiple United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Nature Climate Change, Published online: 15 April 2026; doi:10.1038/s41558-026-02599-9

This work shows that increased eddies accelerate surface warming in the Agulhas Current while also boosting hidden upwelling that cools the current, and adjacent shelf seas, at depth. Similar trends are expected for all subtropical western boundary currents, even if volume transports remain steady.

A special class of sensors leverages quantum properties to measure tiny signals at levels that would be impossible using classical sensors alone. Such quantum sensors are currently being used to study the inner workings of cells and the outer depths of our universe.

Particularly promising are solid-state quantum sensors, which can operate at room temperature. Unfortunately, most solid-state quantum sensors today only measure one physical quantity at a time — such as the magnetic field, temperature, or strain in a material. Trying to measure both the magnetic field and temperature of a material at the same time causes their signals to get mixed up and measurements to become unreliable.

Now, MIT researchers have created a way to simultaneously measure multiple physical quantities with a solid-state quantum sensor. They achieved this by exploiting entanglement, where particles become correlated into a single quantum state. In a new paper, the team demonstrated its approach in a commonly used quantum sensor at room temperature, measuring the amplitude, frequency, and phase of a microwave field in a single measurement. They also showed the approach works better than sequentially measuring each property or using traditional sensors.

The researchers say the approach could enable quantum sensors that can deepen our understanding of the behavior of atoms and electrons inside materials and living systems like cancer cells.

“Quantum multiparameter estimation has been mostly theoretical to date,” says co-lead author of the paper Takuya Isogawa, a graduate student in nuclear science and engineering. “There have been very few experiments that actually demonstrate it, and that work focused on photons. We wanted to demonstrate multiparameter estimation in a more application-oriented setup: a solid-state quantum sensor in use today.”

Joining Isogawa on the paper are co-lead authors Guoqing Wang PhD ’23 and MIT PhD candidate Boning Li. The other authors on the paper are former MIT visiting students Zhiyao Hu and Ayumi Kanamoto; University of Tokyo PhD candidate Shunsuke Nishimura; Chinese University of Hong Kong Professor Haidong Yuan; and Paola Cappellaro, MIT’s Ford Professor of Engineering, a professor of nuclear science and engineering and of physics, and a member of the Research Laboratory of Electronics.

Quantum effects for measurement

Quantum sensors exploit quantum effects like entanglement, spin states, and superposition to measure changes in magnetic fields, electric fields, gravity, acceleration, and more. As such, they can be used to measure the activity of single molecules in ways that are useful for understanding biology and space, like tracking the activity of metabolites or enzymes inside cells.

One particularly useful sensor in biology leverages what’s known as nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamonds, a defect where a carbon atom in the diamond’s crystal lattice is replaced by a nitrogen atom, and a neighboring lattice site is missing, or vacant. The defect hosts an electronic spin whose transition frequencies can be read out optically. The NV center’s spin state is extremely sensitive to external effects, such as magnetic fields and temperature, which can shift the spin state in ways that can be measured at extremely high resolution.

Unfortunately, different external effects change the energy resonances of the spin in similar ways, making it difficult to measure multiple effects at once. The result is that most solid-state quantum sensor applications measure a single physical quantity at one time.

“If you can only measure one quantity at a time, you have to repeat experiments to measure quantities one by one,” Isogawa says. “That takes more time, which means less sensitivity. It also makes experiments more susceptible to errors.”

For their experiment, the researchers used NV centers inside of a 5-square-millimeter diamond. They pointed a laser into the diamond and studied its fluorescence to make their measurements, a common approach for such sensors. To study the electronic spin of the NV center, they used a microwave antenna. To study the spin of the nitrogen atom they used a radio frequency field.

“We used those two spins as two qubits,” Isogawa says, referring to the building blocks of quantum computing systems. “If you have only one qubit, you can only measure one outcome: basically, 0 or 1. It’s the probability that it spins up or down. Think of it like a coin toss, with the probability of getting heads or tails. With two qubits, we increased the parameters that we could extract.”

The system worked because the spins of the sensor qubit and auxiliary qubit were entangled, a quantum property where the state of one particle is dependent on another. With one qubit, you get a binary outcome. With two, you get four possible outcomes with a total of three possible parameters.

The two qubits allowed researchers to measure those three quantities simultaneously using a technique known as the Bell state measurement.

Other researchers had used the Bell state measurement at extremely low temperatures before, but the MIT researchers developed a new technique to perform the measurement at room temperature. That technique was first proposed by Wang, who was previously a graduate student in Professor Cappellaro’s lab.

The researchers used the approach to simultaneously measure the amplitude, detuning, and phase of a microwave magnetic field. The researchers also say the approach could be used to measure electric fields, temperature, pressure, and strain.

“Measuring these parameters simultaneously can help us explore spin waves in materials, which is an important topic in condensed matter physics,” Isogawa says. “NV center sensors have extremely high spatial resolution and versatility. It can measure a lot of different physical quantities.”

More practical quantum sensing

The researchers say this work is an important step toward using solid-state quantum sensors to more fully characterize systems in biomedical research and materials characterization. That’s because multiparameter estimation had never been achieved in realistic settings or in widely used quantum sensors.

“What makes the NV center quantum sensors so special is they can operate at room temperature,” Isogawa says. “It’s very suitable for biological measurements or condensed matter physics experiments.”

Although the researchers say their sensor didn’t measure each quantity at the highest possible precision, in future work they plan to explore if their approach can achieve higher precision for each parameter.

They also plan to explore how their approach works to characterize heterogenous materials.

“In an extremely uniform environment, you could use many different classical and quantum sensors and measure each physical quantity at the same time,” Isogawa says. “But if the physical quantities change at different locations, you need high spatial sensors, and you need a sensor that can measure multiple physical quantities. This approach has major advantages in such situations.”

The work was supported, in part, by the U.S. National Science Foundation, the National Research Foundation of Korea, and the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong.

In September 2024, Amandla Thomas-Johnson was a Ph.D. candidate studying in the U.S. on a student visa when he briefly attended a pro-Palestinian protest. In April 2025, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) sent Google an administrative subpoena requesting his data. The next month, Google gave Thomas-Johnson's information to ICE without giving him the chance to challenge the subpoena, breaking a nearly decade-long promise to notify users before handing their data to law enforcement. 

Today, the Electronic Frontier Foundation sent complaints to the California and New York Attorneys General asking them to investigate Google for deceptive trade practices for breaking that promise. You can read about the complaints here. Below is Thomas-Johnson's account of his ordeal. 

Out of touch but not out of reach 

I thought my ordeal with U.S. immigration authorities was over a year ago, when I left the country, crossing into Canada at Niagara Falls.  

By that point, the Trump administration had effectively turned federal power against international students like me. After I attended a pro-Palestine protest at Cornell University—for all of five minutes—the administration’s rhetoric about cracking down on students protesting what we saw as genocide forced me into hiding for three months. Federal agents came to my home looking for me. A friend was detained at an airport in Tampa and interrogated about my whereabouts. 

I’m currently a Ph.D. student. Before that, I was a reporter. I’m a dual British and Trinadad and Tobago citizen. I have not been accused of any crime. 

I believed that once I left U.S. territory, I had also left the reach of its authorities. I was wrong. 

The email

Weeks later, in Geneva, Switzerland, I received what looked like a routine email from Google. It informed me that the company had already handed over my account data to the Department of Homeland Security. 

At first, I wasn’t alarmed. I had seen something similar before. An associate of mine, Momodou Taal, had received advance notice from Google and Facebook that his data had been requested. He was given advanced notice of the subpoenas, and law enforcement eventually withdrew them before the companies turned over his data. 

Google had already disclosed my data without telling me.

I assumed I would be given the same opportunity. But the language in my email was different. It was final: “Google has received and responded to legal process from a law enforcement authority compelling the release of information related to your Google Account.” 

Google had already disclosed my data without telling me. There was no opportunity to contest it. 

Google’s broken promise

To be clear, this should not have happened this way. Google promises that it will notify users before their data is handed over in response to legal processes, including administrative subpoenas. That notice is meant to provide a chance to challenge the request. In my case, that safeguard was bypassed. My data was handed over without warning—at the request of an administration targeting students engaged in protected political speech. 

Months later, my lawyer at the Electronic Frontier Foundation obtained the subpoena itself. On paper, the request focused largely on subscriber information: IP addresses, physical address, other identifiers, and session times and durations. 

But taken together, these fragments form something far more powerful—a detailed surveillance profile. IP logs can be used to approximate location. Physical addresses show where you sleep. Session times would show when you were communicating with friends or family. Even without message content, the picture that emerges is intimate and invasive.  

State power meets private data

What this experience has made clear is that anyone can be targeted by law enforcement. And with their massive stores of data, technology companies can facilitate those arbitrary investigations. Together, they can combine state power, corporate data, and algorithmic inference in ways that are difficult to see—and even harder to challenge. 

The consequences of what happened to me are not abstract. I left the United States. But I do not feel that I have left its reach. Being investigated by the federal government is intimidating. Questions run through your head. Am I now a marked individual? Will I face heightened scrutiny if I continue my reporting? Can I travel safely to see family in the Caribbean? 

Who, exactly, can I hold accountable?

This is a current list of where and when I am scheduled to speak:

• I’m speaking at DemocracyXChange 2026 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, on April 18, 2026.
• I’m speaking at the SANS AI Cybersecurity Summit 2026 in Arlington, Virginia, USA, at 9:40 AM ET on April 20, 2026.
• I’m speaking at the Nemertes [Next] Virtual Conference Spring 2026, a virtual event, on April 29, 2026.
• I’m speaking at RightsCon 2026 in Lusaka, Zambia, on May 6 and 7, 2026.
• I’m giving a keynote address and participating in a panel discussion at an ICTLuxembourg event called “...

Google's Failure to Warn Users About Law Enforcement Demands for Data Is Deceptive

SAN FRANCISCO – The Electronic Frontier Foundation sent complaints today to the attorneys general of California and New York urging them to investigate Google for deceptive trade practices, related to the company's broken promise to give users prior notice before disclosing their information to law enforcement. 

The letters were sent on behalf of Amandla Thomas-Johnson, whose information was disclosed to U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) without prior notice from Google. 

For nearly a decade, Google has promised billions of users that it will notify them before disclosing their personal data to law enforcement. Many times, the company has done just that. But through a hidden and systematic practice, Google has likely violated that promise numerous times over the years. This was the case for Thomas-Johnson, a Ph.D. candidate who was targeted by ICE after briefly attending a protest, effectively preventing him from contesting an invalid subpoena for his data. 

"Google should answer the question: How many other times has it broken its promise to users?” said EFF Senior Staff Attorney F. Mario Trujillo. "Advance notice is especially important now, when agencies like ICE are unconstitutionally targeting users for First Amendment-protected activity. State attorneys general should investigate Google for this deception." 

On Google’s Privacy & Terms page, it promises its users that “When we receive a request from a government agency, we send an email to the user account before disclosing information.” This promise ensures that users can protect their own privacy and decide to challenge overbroad or illegal demands on their own behalf.   

But on May 8, 2025, Google complied with an administrative subpoena from ICE seeking Thomas-Johnson’s subscriber information, including his name, address, IP address, and other personal identifiers. Later that same day, the company sent Thomas-Johnson a message telling him it had already complied with the subpoena, which he would have successfully challenged had he been given advance notice. Google received the subpoena in April and had more than a month to alert Thomas-Johnson. 

Communication between EFF and Google later revealed that this is a systematic issue, not an isolated one. When Google does not fulfill a subpoena within a government-provided artificial deadline, the company's outside counsel explained, Google will sometimes comply with the request and provide notice to a user on the same day. The company calls this practice “simultaneous notice.” 

"What this experience has made clear is that anyone can be targeted by law enforcement," said Thomas-Johnson. "And with their massive stores of data, technology companies can facilitate those arbitrary investigations. Who, exactly, can I hold accountable?" 

Google must commit to ending this deception and pay for its past mistakes. The attorneys general of California and New York are empowered to stop deceptive business practices and seek financial restitution stemming from those practices. As EFF writes in its complaints, they should investigate, hold Google to its public promise to give users advanced notice of law enforcement demands, and take appropriate action if necessary. 
 
For the complaints:
https://www.eff.org/document/eff-letter-re-google-notice-california 
https://www.eff.org/document/eff-letter-re-google-notice-new-york 
https://www.eff.org/document/eff-letter-re-google-notice-exhibits
 
For Thomas-Johnson's account of his ordeal: https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2026/04/google-broke-its-promise-me-now-ice-has-my-data 

For more information on lawless DHS subpoenas: https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2026/02/open-letter-tech-companies-protect-your-users-lawless-dhs-subpoenas 

Contact: press@eff.org 

Tags: privacyfree speechanonymityDHSsubpoenafederal law enforcementGoogle

The electricity to an island goes out. To find the break in the underwater power cable, a ship pulls up the entire line or deploys remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) to traverse the line. But what if an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) could map the line and pinpoint the location of the fault for a diver to fix?

Such underwater human-robot teaming is the focus of an MIT Lincoln Laboratory project funded through an internally administered R&D portfolio on autonomous systems and carried out by the Advanced Undersea Systems and Technology Group. The project seeks to leverage the respective strengths of humans and robots to optimize maritime missions for the U.S. military, including critical infrastructure inspection and repair, search and rescue, harbor entry, and countermine operations.

"Divers and AUVs generally don't team at all underwater," says principal investigator Madeline Miller. "Underwater missions requiring humans typically do so because they involve some sort of manipulation a robot can't do, like repairing infrastructure or deactivating a mine. Even ROVs are challenging to work with underwater in very skilled manipulation tasks because the manipulators themselves aren't agile enough."

Beyond their superior dexterity, humans excel at recognizing objects underwater. But humans working underwater can't perform complex computations or move very quickly, especially if they are carrying heavy equipment; robots have an edge over humans in processing power, high-speed mobility, and endurance. To combine these strengths, Miller and her team are developing hardware and algorithms for underwater navigation and perception — two key capabilities for effective human-robot teaming.

As Miller explains, divers may only have a compass and fin-kick counts to guide them. With few landmarks and potentially murky conditions caused by a lack of light at depth or the presence of biological matter in the water column, they can easily become disoriented and lost. For robots to help divers navigate, they need to perceive their environment. However, in the presence of darkness and turbidity, optical sensors (cameras) cannot generate images, while acoustic sensors (sonar) generate images that lack color and only show the shapes and shadows of objects in the scene. The historical lack of large, labeled sonar image datasets has hindered training of underwater perception algorithms. Even if data were available, the dynamic ocean can obscure the true nature of objects, confusing artificial intelligence. For instance, a downed aircraft broken into multiple pieces, or a tire covered in an overgrowth of mussels, may no longer resemble an aircraft or tire, respectively.

"Ultimately, we want to devise solutions for navigation and perception in expeditionary environments," Miller says. "For the missions we're thinking about, there is limited or no opportunity to map out the area in advance. For the harbor entry mission, maybe you have a satellite map but no underwater map, for example."

On the navigation side, Miller's team picked up on work started by the MIT Marine Robotics Group, led by John Leonard, to develop diver-AUV teaming algorithms. With their navigation algorithms, Leonard's group ran simulations under optimal conditions and performed field testing in calm waters using human-paddled kayaks as proxies for both divers and AUVs. Miller's team then integrated these algorithms into a mission-relevant AUV and began testing them under more realistic ocean conditions, initially with a support boat acting as a diver surrogate, and then with actual divers.

"We quickly learned that you need more sensing capabilities on the diver when you factor in ocean currents," Miller explains. "With the algorithms demonstrated by MIT, the vehicle only needed to calculate the distance, or range, to the diver at regular intervals to solve the optimization problem of estimating the positions of both the vehicle and diver over time. But with the real ocean forces pushing everything around, this optimization problem blows up quickly."

On the perception side, Miller's team has been developing an AI classifier that can process both optical and sonar data mid-mission and solicit human input for any objects classified with uncertainty.

"The idea is for the classifier to pass along some information — say, a bounding box around an image — to the diver and indicate, "I think this is a tire, but I'm not sure. What do you think?" Then, the diver can respond, "Yes, you've got it right, or no, look over here in the image to improve your classification," Miller says.

This feedback loop requires an underwater acoustic modem to support diver-AUV communication. State-of-the-art data rates in underwater acoustic communications would require tens of minutes to send an uncompressed image from the AUV to the diver. So, one aspect the team is investigating is how to compress information into a minimum amount to be useful, working within the constraints of the low bandwidth and high latency of underwater communications and the low size, weight, and power of the commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) hardware they're using. For their prototype system, the team procured mostly COTS sensors and built a sensor payload that would easily integrate into an AUV routinely employed by the U.S. Navy, with the goal of facilitating technology transition. Beyond sonar and optical sensors, the payload features an acoustic modem for ranging to the diver and several data processing and compute boards.

Miller's team has tested the sensor-equipped AUV and algorithms around coastal New England — including in the open ocean near Portsmouth, New Hampshire, with the University of New Hampshire's (UNH) Gulf Surveyor and Gulf Challenger coastal research vessels as diver surrogates, and on the Boston-area Charles River, with an MIT Sailing Pavilion skiff as the surrogate.

"The UNH boats are well-equipped and can access realistic ocean conditions. But pretending to be a diver with a large boat is hard. With the skiff, we can move more slowly and get the relative motion in tune with how a diver and AUV would navigate together."

Last summer, the team started testing equipment with human divers at Michigan Technological University's Great Lakes Research Center. Although the divers lacked an interface to feed back information to the AUV, each swam holding the team's tube-shaped prototype tablet, dubbed a "tube-let." The tube-let was equipped with a pressure and depth sensor, inertial measurement unit (to track relative motion), and ranging modem — all necessary components for the navigation algorithms to solve the optimization problem.

"A challenge during testing was coordinating the motion of the diver and vehicle, because they don't yet collaborate," Miller says. "Once the divers go underwater, there is no communication with the team on the surface. So, you have to plan where to put the diver and vehicle so they don't collide."

The team also worked on the perception problem. The water clarity of the Great Lakes at that time of year allowed for underwater imaging with an optical sensor. Caroline Keenan, a Lincoln Scholars Program PhD student jointly working in the laboratory's Advanced Undersea Systems and Technology Group and Leonard's research group at MIT, took the opportunity to advance her work on knowledge transfer from optical sensors to sonar sensors. She is exploring whether optical classifiers can train sonar classifiers to recognize objects for which sonar data doesn't exist. The motivation is to reduce the human operator load associated with labeling sonar data and training sonar classifiers.

With the internally funded research program coming to an end, Miller's team is now seeking external sponsorship to refine and transition the technology to military or commercial partners.

"The modern world runs on undersea telecommunication and power cables, which are vulnerable to attack by disruptive actors. The undersea domain is becoming increasingly contested as more nations develop and advance the capabilities of autonomous maritime systems. Maintaining global economic security and U.S. strategic advantage in the undersea domain will require leveraging and combining the best of AI and human capabilities," Miller says.

The MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences (SHASS) was founded in 1950 in response to “a new era emerging from social upheaval and the disasters of war,” as outlined in the 1949 Lewis Committee Report. 

The report’s findings emphasized MIT’s role and responsibility in the new nuclear age, which called for doubling down on genuine “integration” of scientific and technical topics with humanistic scholarship and teaching. Only that way, the committee wrote, could MIT tackle “the most difficult and complicated problems confronting our generation.”

As SHASS marks its 75th anniversary, Dean Agustín Rayo answers questions about why the need for developing students with broad minds and human understanding is as urgent as ever, given pressing challenges in the midst of a new technological revolution.

Q: Many universities are responding to artificial intelligence by launching new technical programs or updating curricula. You’ve suggested the change is deeper than that. Why?

A: Artificial intelligence isn’t just changing the way students learn — it’s transforming every aspect of society. The labor market is experiencing a dramatic shift, upending traditional paths to financial stability. And AI is changing the ways we bring meaning to our lives: the ways we build relationships, the ways we pay attention, and the things we enjoy doing.

The upshot is that the most important question universities need to ask is not how to adapt our pedagogy to AI — although we certainly need to address that. The most important question we need to ask is how to provide an education that brings real value to students in the age of AI. 

We need to ensure that universities provide students with the tools they need to find a path to financial security and to build meaningful lives.

We need to produce students with minds that are both nimble and broad. We need our students to not only be able to execute tasks effectively, but also have the judgment to determine which tasks are worth executing. We need students who have a moral compass, and who understand how the world works, in all of its political, economic, and human complexity. We need students who know how to think critically, and who have excellent communication and leadership skills.

Q: What role do the humanities, arts, and social sciences play in preparing MIT students for that future?

A: They’re essential, and are rightly a core part of an MIT education: MIT has long required its undergraduates take at least eight courses in HASS disciplines to graduate.

Fields like philosophy, political science, economics, literature, history, music, and anthropology are crucial to developing the parts of our lives that are essentially human — the parts that will not be replaced by AI.

They are crucial to developing critical thinking and a moral compass. They are crucial to understanding people — our values, institutions, cultures, and ways of thinking. They are crucial to creating students who are broad thinkers who understand the way the world works. They are crucial to developing students who are excellent communicators and are able to describe their projects — and their lives — in a way that endows them with meaning.

Our students understand this. Here is how one of them put the point: “Engineering gives me the tools to measure the world; the humanities teach me how to interpret it. That balance has shaped both how I do science and why I do it.” (Full interview here.)

Q: Some people worry that emphasizing humanistic study could dilute MIT’s technological edge. How do you respond to that concern?

A: I think the opposite is true. 

MIT is an important engine for social mobility in the United States, and a catalyst for entrepreneurship, which has added billions of dollars to the American economy. That cannot be separated from the fact that we are a technical institution, which brings together the country’s most talented undergraduates — regardless of socioeconomic background — and transforms them into the next generation of our country's top scientific and engineering leaders. 

MIT plays an incredibly important role in our country. So, the last thing I want to do is mess with our secret sauce.

But I also think that the age of AI is forcing us to rethink what it means to be a top engineer. 

Think about artificial intelligence itself. The challenges we face are not just technical. Issues like bias, accountability, governance, and the societal impact of automation are no less important. Understanding those dimensions helps technologists design better systems and anticipate real-world consequences.

Strengthening the humanities at MIT isn’t a departure from our core mission — it’s a way of ensuring that our technical leadership continues to matter in the world.

Q: What kinds of changes is MIT SHASS pursuing to support this vision?

A: There’s a lot going on! 

We’ve launched the MIT Human Insight Collaborative (MITHIC) as a way of strengthening research in the humanities, arts, and social sciences, and of deepening collaboration with colleagues across MIT.

We’re shaping the undergraduate experience to ensure that every MIT student engages with the big societal questions shaping our time, from democratic resilience to climate change to the ethics of new technologies.

We’re building stronger connections through initiatives like the creation of shared faculty positions with the MIT Schwarzman College of Computing (SCC). And we recently launched a new Music Technology and Computation Graduate Program with the School of Engineering.

We’re partnering with SERC (the SCC’s Social and Ethical Responsibilities of Computing) to design new classes on the intersection of computing and human-centered issues, such as ethics.

And we’re elevating the humanities — for their own sake, and as a space for experimentation, bringing together students, faculty, and partners to explore new forms of research, teaching, and public engagement.

This is a very exciting time for SHASS.

All the ingredients to leave the first layer of the atmosphere were laying on a picnic table. T-minus 30 minutes before launch from the New York Catskills, students in MIT's reborn 16.00 (Introduction to Aerospace Engineering) course tore open hand warmers to fight the December morning chill. One hot pack for cold hands. One for the electronics payload, which would need the warmth on the way up. This series of balloon launches rose to more than 20 kilometers above the surface.

Five student teams completed stratospheric balloon launches for a final project in the MIT Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AeroAstro) first-year exploratory course. This fall semester was the first iteration of the reimagined 16.00. The course was co-taught by MIT professors Jeffery Hoffman, a former NASA astronaut, and Oliver de Weck, Apollo Program Professor of Astronautics and Engineering Systems. The course was reintroduced to the curriculum in 2025 to give first-year students a design-build experience from the very start, says de Weck, who is also AeroAstro's associate department head. 

"This course had been taught for more than 25 years. And then the pandemic came," he explains. "We felt that it was time to bring the course back, to revive it, give it new life."

De Weck taught a version of this hands-on project from 2012 to 2016 in Unified Engineering, with 20 balloon launches over that time. Hoffman taught a version that focused on blimps, indoor flights, and achieving neutral buoyancy and control. Those prior courses inspired the new program. The current 16.00 course is an early introduction to design-build flying, offered before the well-known Unified Engineering course for Course 16 sophomores.

"Students don't want to sit through long lectures, with lots of PowerPoints and notes and blackboards," says de Weck. He referenced feedback from students that is framing the department's upcoming strategic plan. "Those hands-on visceral experiences is what we want to provide them."

The AeroAstro program adds about 60 undergraduates per year. Future students can expect to see different versions of the 16.00 course, including those focused on fixed-wing aircraft, quadcopter drones, and rockets. Future balloon courses will be called 16.00B. A fixed-wing remote-controlled aircraft course will be 16.00A.

Over 13 weeks, the students attended lectures on subjects including atmospheric composition, radio waves, and flight planning and regulations. In labs, they practiced building Arduino-based pressure and temperature sensors, and testing communication systems.

On that cold launch day, Jackson Lunfelt kept his grip against the pull of an oversized helium balloon moments before his team's launch. His team worked for weeks configuring GPS and radio communications and testing balloon buoyancy. Among their trials and errors, they had to find the right weight for a 3D printed frame to attach the balloon and parachute. It was too heavy at first. They figured out how to reduce the weight of the plastic to keep the payload buoyant.

"Fortunately, a lot of preparation had helped us," he says.

Lunfelt, a first-year student, grew up just a few hours away from the Catskills in upstate New York. In high school, he was active in Future Farmers of America, welding, and robotics. On launch day, his team was worried their onboard GoPro would shut off from the cold high-altitude temperatures. They got the green light to add a battery bank. They would need to re-calculate the weight and helium needed at the final hour.

"It was one of those things that if you don't do this, you're not gonna launch,” says Lunfelt.

That first week of December brought frigid air, gusts, and wind patterns that meant the class would have to rethink its launch site. The team aimed to fly east, over Massachusetts, and land before reaching the ocean. The new weather pattern pushed the team even farther west across the New York border.

The balloon lifted the 3.5 pound payload from the Catskills while the mission control group monitored progress from Cambridge, Massachusetts. It rose hundreds of feet per minute. It passed the troposphere and flew across Western Massachusetts at 100 miles an hour, pushed by the strong upper-level winds of the jet stream. It climbed to an estimated 22 kilometers above the surface. At that height, an onboard GoPro camera recorded the curvature of the Earth.

"Every single moment of that video was amazing. It was truly a story in itself," says Lunfelt.

Then the latex balloon burst, as designed, and descended back down — aided by a parachute. The GoPros captured that spectacular moment, too. The winds carried them just north of the Massachusetts-New Hampshire border. They landed in a neighborhood around Nashua, New Hampshire. Locals saw the MIT identifiers written on the side of the payloads and helped the teams recover them. The landing made it onto the local news.

After a very early morning and late evening monitoring the launch returns, de Weck, alongside teaching assistant Jonathan Stoppani and Senior Technical Instructor Dave Robertson, agreed that the feeling of pride from the whole class was palpable. The payloads all came back in one piece, a test of successful design-builds and last-minute adjustments. The AeroAstro flying tradition is back for first-year students. 

Trump’s blockade of Iran is rippling beyond oil, squeezing fertilizer and helium supplies and raising the risk of higher food prices and wider economic disruption.