The Commerce Department said it will examine demand for turbines and what equipment domestic manufacturers can provide.

Connie Hedegaard says Europe can’t afford to go soft on climate while China races ahead and companies like BP backtrack.

“The central bank should develop climate-informed interest-rate policies that proactively address expected and unexpected climate shocks,” says a study published by the South African Reserve Bank.

The ECB’s plan to apply climate-risk penalties to corporate bonds used as collateral in transactions "lacks ambition," argues one nonprofit.

There are guidelines for moving students to places with air conditioning during extreme heat, but students often have limited options.

Marcus Stergio will join the MIT Ombuds Office on Aug. 25, bringing over a decade of experience as a mediator and conflict-management specialist. Previously an ombuds at the U.S. Department of Labor, Stergio will be part of MIT’s ombuds team, working alongside Judi Segall.

The MIT Ombuds Office provides a confidential, independent resource for all members of the MIT community to constructively manage concerns and conflicts related to their experiences at MIT.

Established in 1980, the office played a key role in the early development of the profession, helping to develop and establish standards of practice for organizational ombuds offices. The ombudspersons help MIT community members analyze concerns, clarify policies and procedures, and identify options to constructively manage conflicts.

“There’s this aura and legend around MIT’s Ombuds Office that is really exciting,” Stergio says.

Among other types of conflict resolution, the work of an ombuds is particularly appealing for its versatility, according to Stergio. “We can be creative and flexible in figuring out which types of processes work for the people seeking support, whether that’s having one-on-one, informal, confidential conversations or exploring more active and involved ways of getting their issues addressed,” he says.

Prior to coming to MIT, Stergio worked for six years at the Department of Labor, where he established a new externally facing ombuds office for the Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs (OFCCP). There, he operated in accordance with the International Ombuds Association’s standards of practice, offering ombuds services to both external stakeholders and OFCCP employees.

He has also served as ombudsperson or in other conflict-management roles for a variety of organizations across multiple sectors. These included the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the United Nations Population Fund, General Motors, BMW of North America, and the U.S. Department of Treasury, among others. From 2013 to 2019, Stergio was a mediator and the manager of commercial and corporate programs for the Boston-based dispute resolution firm MWI.

Stergio has taught conflict resolution courses and delivered mediation and negotiation workshops at multiple universities, including MIT, where he says the interest in his subject matter was palpable. “There was something about the MIT community, whether it was students or staff or faculty. People seemed really energized by the conflict management skills that I was presenting to them,” he recalls. “There was this eagerness to perfect things that was inspiring and contagious.”

“I’m honored to be joining such a prestigious institution, especially one with such a rich history in the ombuds field,” Stergio adds. “I look forward to building on that legacy and working with the MIT community to navigate challenges together.”

Stergio earned a bachelor’s degree from Northeastern University in 2008 and a master’s in conflict resolution from the University of Massachusetts at Boston in 2012. He has served on the executive committee of the Coalition of Federal Ombuds since 2022, as co-chair of the American Bar Association’s ombuds day subcommittee, and as an editor for the newsletter of the ABA’s Dispute Resolution Section. He is also a member of the International Ombuds Association.

Nature Climate Change, Published online: 22 August 2025; doi:10.1038/s41558-025-02389-9

Climate surveys are common in the global north but remain limited in the global south. Through a large-scale survey in seven global south countries, this study examines public climate knowledge and identifies their most trusted information sources and preferred climate policies.

A fast radio burst is an immense flash of radio emission that lasts for just a few milliseconds, during which it can momentarily outshine every other radio source in its galaxy. These flares can be so bright that their light can be seen from halfway across the universe, several billion light years away.

The sources of these brief and dazzling signals are unknown. But scientists now have a chance to study a fast radio burst (FRB) in unprecedented detail. An international team of scientists including physicists at MIT have detected a near and ultrabright fast radio burst some 130 million light-years from Earth in the constellation Ursa Major. It is one of the closest FRBs detected to date. It is also the brightest — so bright that the signal has garnered the informal moniker, RBFLOAT, for “radio brightest flash of all time.”

The burst’s brightness, paired with its proximity, is giving scientists the closest look yet at FRBs and the environments from which they emerge.

“Cosmically speaking, this fast radio burst is just in our neighborhood,” says Kiyoshi Masui, associate professor of physics and affiliate of MIT’s Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research. “This means we get this chance to study a pretty normal FRB in exquisite detail.”

Masui and his colleagues report their findings today in the Astrophysical Journal Letters.

Diverse bursts

The clarity of the new detection is thanks to a significant upgrade to The Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment (CHIME), a large array of halfpipe-shaped antennae based in British Columbia. CHIME was originally designed to detect and map the distribution of hydrogen across the universe. The telescope is also sensitive to ultrafast and bright radio emissions. Since it started observations in 2018, CHIME has detected about 4,000 fast radio bursts, from all parts of the sky. But the telescope had not been able to precisely pinpoint the location of each fast radio burst, until now.

CHIME recently got a significant boost in precision, in the form of CHIME Outriggers — three miniature versions of CHIME, each sited in different parts of North America. Together, the telescopes work as one continent-sized system that can focus in on any bright flash that CHIME detects, to pin down its location in the sky with extreme precision.

“Imagine we are in New York and there’s a firefly in Florida that is bright for a thousandth of a second, which is usually how quick FRBs are,” says MIT Kavli graduate student Shion Andrew. “Localizing an FRB to a specific part of its host galaxy is analogous to figuring out not just what tree the firefly came from, but which branch it’s sitting on.”

The new fast radio burst is the first detection made using the combination of CHIME and the completed CHIME Outriggers. Together, the telescope array identified the FRB and determined not only the specific galaxy, but also the region of the galaxy from where the burst originated. It appears that the burst arose from the edge of the galaxy, just outside of a star-forming region. The precise localization of the FRB is allowing scientists to study the environment around the signal for clues to what brews up such bursts.

“As we’re getting these much more precise looks at FRBs, we’re better able to see the diversity of environments they’re coming from,” says MIT physics postdoc Adam Lanman.

Lanman, Andrew, and Masui are members of the CHIME Collaboration — which includes scientists from multiple institutions around the world — and are authors of the new paper detailing the discovery of the new FRB detection.

An older edge

Each of CHIME’s Outrigger stations continuously monitors the same swath of sky as the parent CHIME array. Both CHIME and the Outriggers “listen” for radio flashes, at incredibly short, millisecond timescales. Even over several minutes, such precision monitoring can amount to a huge amount of data. If CHIME detects no FRB signal, the Outriggers automatically delete the last 40 seconds of data to make room for the next span of measurements.

On March 16, 2025, CHIME detected an ultrabright flash of radio emissions, which automatically triggered the CHIME Outriggers to record the data. Initially, the flash was so bright that astronomers were unsure whether it was an FRB or simply a terrestrial event caused, for instance, by a burst of cellular communications.

That notion was put to rest as the CHIME Outrigger telescopes focused in on the flash and pinned down its location to NGC4141 — a spiral galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major about 130 million light years away, which happens to be surprisingly close to our own Milky Way. The detection is one of the closest and brightest fast radio bursts detected to date.

Follow-up observations in the same region revealed that the burst came from the very edge of an active region of star formation. While it’s still a mystery as to what source could produce FRBs, scientists’ leading hypothesis points to magnetars — young neutron stars with extremely powerful magnetic fields that can spin out high-energy flares across the electromagnetic spectrum, including in the radio band. Physicists suspect that magnetars are found in the center of star formation regions, where the youngest, most active stars are forged. The location of the new FRB, just outside a star-forming region in its galaxy, may suggest that the source of the burst is a slightly older magnetar.

“These are mostly hints,” Masui says. “But the precise localization of this burst is letting us dive into the details of how old an FRB source could be. If it were right in the middle, it would only be thousands of years old — very young for a star. This one, being on the edge, may have had a little more time to bake.”

No repeats

In addition to pinpointing where the new FRB was in the sky, the scientists also looked back through CHIME data to see whether any similar flares occurred in the same region in the past. Since the first FRB was discovered in 2007, astronomers have detected over 4,000 radio flares. Most of these bursts are one-offs. But a few percent have been observed to repeat, flashing every so often. And an even smaller fraction of these repeaters flash in a pattern, like a rhythmic heartbeat, before flaring out. A central question surrounding fast radio bursts is whether repeaters and nonrepeaters come from different origins.

The scientists looked through CHIME’s six years of data and came up empty: This new FRB appears to be a one-off, at least in the last six years. The findings are particularly exciting, given the burst’s proximity. Because it is so close and so bright, scientists can probe the environment in and around the burst for clues to what might produce a nonrepeating FRB.

“Right now we’re in the middle of this story of whether repeating and nonrepeating FRBs are different. These observations are putting together bits and pieces of the puzzle,” Masui says.

“There’s evidence to suggest that not all FRB progenitors are the same,” Andrew adds. “We’re on track to localize hundreds of FRBs every year. The hope is that a larger sample of FRBs localized to their host environments can help reveal the full diversity of these populations.”

The construction of the CHIME Outriggers was funded by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and the U.S. National Science Foundation. The construction of CHIME was funded by the Canada Foundation for Innovation and provinces of Quebec, Ontario, and British Columbia.

Rising global temperatures affect human activity in many ways. Now, a new study illuminates an important dimension of the problem: Very hot days are associated with more negative moods, as shown by a large-scale look at social media postings.

Overall, the study examines 1.2 billion social media posts from 157 countries over the span of a year. The research finds that when the temperature rises above 95 degrees Fahrenheit, or 35 degrees Celsius, expressed sentiments become about 25 percent more negative in lower-income countries and about 8 percent more negative in better-off countries. Extreme heat affects people emotionally, not just physically.

“Our study reveals that rising temperatures don’t just threaten physical health or economic productivity — they also affect how people feel, every day, all over the world,” says Siqi Zheng, a professor in MIT’s Department of Urban Studies and Planning (DUSP) and Center for Real Estate (CRE), and co-author of a new paper detailing the results. “This work opens up a new frontier in understanding how climate stress is shaping human well-being at a planetary scale.”

The paper, “Unequal Impacts of Rising Temperatures on Global Human Sentiment,” is published today in the journal One Earth. The authors are Jianghao Wang, of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Nicolas Guetta-Jeanrenaud SM ’22, a graduate of MIT’s Technology and Policy Program (TPP) and Institute for Data, Systems, and Society; Juan Palacios, a visiting assistant professor at MIT’s Sustainable Urbanization Lab (SUL) and an assistant professor Maastricht University; Yichun Fan, of SUL and Duke University; Devika Kakkar, of Harvard University; Nick Obradovich, of SUL and the Laureate Institute for Brain Research in Tulsa; and Zheng, who is the STL Champion Professor of Urban and Real Estate Sustainability at CRE and DUSP. Zheng is also the faculty director of CRE and founded the Sustainable Urbanization Lab in 2019.

Social media as a window

To conduct the study, the researchers evaluated 1.2 billion posts from the social media platforms Twitter and Weibo, all of which appeared in 2019. They used a natural language processing technique called Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT), to analyze 65 languages across the 157 countries in the study.

Each social media post was given a sentiment rating from 0.0 (for very negative posts) to 1.0 (for very positive posts). The posts were then aggregated geographically to 2,988 locations and evaluated in correlation with area weather. From this method, the researchers could then deduce the connection between extreme temperatures and expressed sentiment.

“Social media data provides us with an unprecedented window into human emotions across cultures and continents,” Wang says. “This approach allows us to measure emotional impacts of climate change at a scale that traditional surveys simply cannot achieve, giving us real-time insights into how temperature affects human sentiment worldwide.”

To assess the effects of temperatures on sentiment in higher-income and middle-to-lower-income settings, the scholars also used a World Bank cutoff level of gross national income per-capita annual income of $13,845, finding that in places with incomes below that, the effects of heat on mood were triple those found in economically more robust settings.

“Thanks to the global coverage of our data, we find that people in low- and middle-income countries experience sentiment declines from extreme heat that are three times greater than those in high-income countries,” Fan says. “This underscores the importance of incorporating adaptation into future climate impact projections.”

In the long run

Using long-term global climate models, and expecting some adaptation to heat, the researchers also produced a long-range estimate of the effects of extreme temperatures on sentiment by the year 2100. Extending the current findings to that time frame, they project a 2.3 percent worsening of people’s emotional well-being based on high temperatures alone by then — although that is a far-range projection.

“It's clear now, with our present study adding to findings from prior studies, that weather alters sentiment on a global scale,” Obradovich says. “And as weather and climates change, helping individuals become more resilient to shocks to their emotional states will be an important component of overall societal adaptation.”

The researchers note that there are many nuances to the subject, and room for continued research in this area. For one thing, social media users are not likely to be a perfectly representative portion of the population, with young children and the elderly almost certainly using social media less than other people. However, as the researchers observe in the paper, the very young and elderly are probably particularly vulnerable to heat shocks, making the response to hot weather possible even larger than their study can capture.

The research is part of the Global Sentiment project led by the MIT Sustainable Urbanization Lab, and the study’s dataset is publicly available. Zheng and other co-authors have previously investigated these dynamics using social media, although never before at this scale.

“We hope this resource helps researchers, policymakers, and communities better prepare for a warming world,” Zheng says.

The research was supported, in part, by Zheng’s chaired professorship research fund, and grants Wang received from the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Chinese Academy of Sciences. 

Well, this is interesting:

The auction, which will include other items related to cryptology, will be held Nov. 20. RR Auction, the company arranging the sale, estimates a winning bid between $300,000 and $500,000.

Along with the original handwritten plain text of K4 and other papers related to the coding, Mr. Sanborn will also be providing a 12-by-18-inch copper plate that has three lines of alphabetic characters cut through with a jigsaw, which he calls “my proof-of-concept piece” and which he kept on a table for inspiration during the two years he and helpers hand-cut the letters for the project. The process was grueling, exacting and nerve wracking. “You could not make any mistake with 1,800 letters,” he said. “It could not be repaired.”...

Mercury Insurance is the state’s first to use a process that allows climate modeling to expand coverage in wildfire-prone areas.

The legal war over $20 billion in “green bank” funding marks Administrator Lee Zeldin's aggressive effort to unravel a climate program.

One proposal would bar the state from issuing licenses to camps that have cabins in floodplains.

The attorney general is being challenged by dairy groups that want to stop him from partnering with a Michael Bloomberg-backed program.

Temperatures are expected to spike into the 90s and 100s by Thursday and remain stubbornly high into the weekend.

After floods hit Montpelier especially hard in 2023, engineers pointed to thousands of “deadbeat dams” around the state.

The National Emergencies Operation Centre warns of rainfall of 4 inches over the next 24 hours.

Mining tycoon Gina Rinehart says climate policies would add burdensome costs for emergency services, the military and hospitals.

Many things account for Haiti’s modern troubles. A good perspective on them comes from going back in time to 1715 or so — and grappling with a far-flung narrative involving the French monarchy, a financial speculator named John Law, and a stock-market crash called the “Mississippi Bubble.”

To condense: After the death of Louis XIV in 1715, France was mired in debt following decades of war. The country briefly turned over its economic policy to Law, a Scotsman who implemented a system in which, among other things, French debt was retired while private monopoly companies expanded overseas commerce.

This project did not go entirely as planned. Stock-market speculation created the “Mississippi Bubble” and crash of 1719-20. Amid the chaos, Law lost a short-lived fortune and left France.

Yet Law’s system had lasting effects. French expansionism helped spur Haiti’s “sugar revolution” of the early 1700s, in which the country’s economy first became oriented around labor-intensive sugar plantations. Using enslaved workers and deploying violence against political enemies, plantation owners helped define Haiti’s current-day geography and place within the global economy, creating an extractive system benefitting a select few.

While there has been extensive debate about how the Haitian Revolution of 1789-1804 (and the 1825 “indemnity” Haiti agreed to pay France) has influenced the country’s subsequent path, the events of the early 1700s help illuminate the whole picture.

“This is a moment of transformation for Haiti’s history that most people don’t know much about,” says MIT historian Malick Ghachem. “And it happened well before independence. It goes back to the 18th century when Haiti began to be enmeshed in the debtor-creditor relationships from which it has never really escaped. The 1720s was the period when those relationships crystallized.”

Ghachem examines the economic transformations and multi-sided power struggles of that time in a new book, “The Colony and the Company: Haiti after the Mississippi Bubble,” published this summer by Princeton University Press.

“How did Haiti come to be the way it is today? This is the question everybody asks about it,” says Ghachem. “This book is an intervention in that debate.”

Enmeshed in the crisis

Ghachem is both a professor and head of MIT’s program in history. A trained lawyer, his work ranges across France’s global history and American legal history. His 2012 book “The Old Regime and the Haitian Revolution,” also situated in pre-revolutionary Haiti, examines the legal backdrop of the drive for emancipation.

“The Colony and the Company” draws on original archival research while arriving at two related conclusions: Haiti was a big part of the global bubble of the 1710s, and that bubble and its aftermath is a big part of Haiti’s history.

After all, until the late 1600s, Haiti, then known as Saint Domingue, was “a fragile, mostly ungoverned, and sparsely settled place of uncertain direction,” as Ghachem writes in the book. The establishment of Haiti’s economy is not just the background of later events, but a formative event on its own.

And while the “sugar revolution” may have reached Haiti sooner or later, it was amplified by France’s quest for new sources of revenue. Louis XIV’s military agenda had been a fiscal disaster for the French. Law — a convicted murderer, and evidently a persuasive salesman — proposed a restructuring scheme that concentrated revenue-raising and other fiscal powers in a monopoly overseas trading company and bank overseen by Law himself.

As France sought economic growth beyond its borders, that led the company to Haiti, to tap its agricultural potential. For that matter, as Ghachem details, multiple countries were expanding their overseas activities — and France, Britain, and Spain also increased slave-trading activities markedly. Within a few decades, Haiti was a center of global sugar production, based on slave labor.

“When the company is seen as the answer to France’s own woes, Haiti becomes enmeshed in the crisis,” Ghachem says. “The Mississippi Bubble of 1719-20 was really a global event. And one of the theaters where it played out most dramatically was Haiti.”

As it happens, in Haiti, the dynamics of this were complex. Local planters did not want to be answerable to Law’s company, and fended it off, but, as Ghachem writes,  they “internalized and privatized the financial and economic logic of the System against which they had re­belled, making of it a script for the management of plantation society.”

That society was complex. One of the main elements of “The Colony and the Company” is the exploration of its nuances. Haiti was home to a variety of people, including Jesuit missionaries, European women who had been re-settled there, and maroons (freed or escaped slaves living apart from plantations), among others. Plantation life came with violence, civic instability, and a lack of economic alternatives.

“What’s called the ‘success’ of the colony as a French economic force is really inseparable from the conditions that make it hard for Haiti to survive as an independent nation after the revolution,” Ghachem observes.

Stories in a new light

In public discourse, questions about Haiti’s past are often considered highly relevant to its present, as a near-failed state whose capital city is now substantially controlled by gangs, with no end to violence in sight. Some people draw a through line between the present and Haiti’s revolutionary-era condition. But to Ghachem, the revolution changed some political dynamics, but not the underlying conditions of life in the country.

“One [view] is that it’s the Haitian Revolution that leads to Haiti’s immiseration and violence and political dysfunction and its economic underdevelopment,” Ghachem says. “I think that argument is wrong. It’s an older problem that goes back to Haiti’s relationship with France in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. The revolution compounds that problem, and does so significantly, because of how France responds. But the terms of Haiti’s subordination are already set.”

Other scholars have praised “The Colony and the Company.” Pernille Røge of the University of Pittsburgh has called it “a multilayered and deeply compelling history rooted in a careful analysis of both familiar and unfamiliar primary sources.”

For his part, Ghachem hopes to persuade anyone interested in Haiti’s past and present to look more expansively at the subject, and consider how the deep roots of Haiti’s economy have helped structure its society.

“I’m trying to keep up with the day job of a historian,” Ghachem says. “Which includes finding stories that aren’t well-known, or are well-known and have aspects that are underappreciated, and telling them in a new light.”

A multiyear program at MIT Lincoln Laboratory to characterize how biological and chemical vapors and aerosols disperse through the New York City subway system is coming to a close. The program, part of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Science and Technology Directorate's Urban Area Security Initiative, builds on other efforts at Lincoln Laboratory to detect chemical and biological threats, validate air dispersion models, and improve emergency protocols in urban areas in case of an airborne attack. The results of this program will inform the New York Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) on how best to install an efficient, cost-effective system for airborne threat detection and mitigation throughout the subway. On a broader scale, the study will help the national security community understand pragmatic chemical and biological defense options for mass transit, critical facilities, and special events.

Trina Vian from the laboratory's Counter–Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) Systems Group led this project, which she says had as much to do with air flow and sensors as it did with MTA protocols and NYC commuters. "There are real dangers associated with panic during an alarm. People can get hurt during mass evacuation, or lose trust in a system and the authorities that administer that system, if there are false alarms," she says. "A novel aspect of our project was to investigate effective low-regret response options, meaning those with little operational consequence to responding to a false alarm."

Currently, depending on the severity of the alarm, the MTA's response can include stopping service and evacuating passengers and employees.

A complex environment for testing

For the program, which started in 2019, Vian and her team collected data on how chemical and biological sensors performed in the subway, what factors affected sensor accuracy, and how different mitigation protocols fared in stopping an airborne threat from spreading and removing the threat from a contaminated location. For their tests, they released batches of a safe, custom-developed aerosol simulant within Grand Central Station that they could track with DNA barcodes. Each batch had a different barcode, which allowed the team to differentiate among them and quantitatively assess different combinations of mitigation strategies.

To control and isolate air flow, the team tested static air curtains as well as air filtration systems. They also tested a spray knockdown system developed by Sandia National Laboratories designed to reduce and isolate particulate hazards in large volume areas. The system sprays a fine water mist into the tunnels that attaches to threat particulates and uses gravity to rain out the threat material. The spray contains droplets of a particular size and concentration, and with an applied electrostatic field. The original idea for the system was adapted from the coal mining industry, which used liquid sprayers to reduce the amount of inhalable soot.

The tests were done in a busy environment, and the team was required to complete trainings on MTA protocols such as track safety and how to interact with the public.

"We had long and sometimes very dirty days," says Jason Han of the Counter–WMD Systems Group, who collected measurements in the tunnels and analyzed the data. "We all wore bright orange contractor safety vests, which made people think we were official employees of the MTA. We would often get approached by people asking for directions!"

At times, issues such as power outages or database errors could disrupt data capture.

"We learned fairly early on that we had to capture daily data backups and keep a daily evolving master list of unique sensor identifiers and locations," says fellow team member Cassie Smith. "We developed workflows and wrote scripts to help automate the process, which ensured successful sensor data capture and attribution."

The team also worked closely with the MTA to make sure their tests and data capture ran smoothly. "The MTA was great at helping us maintain the test bed, doing as much as they could in our physical absence," Vian says.

Calling on industry

Another crucial aspect of the program was to connect with the greater chemical and biological industrial community to solicit their sensors for testing. These partnerships reduced the cost for DHS to bring new sensing technologies into the project, and, in return, participants gained a testing and data collection opportunity within the challenging NYC subway environment.

The team ultimately fielded 16 different sensors, each with varying degrees of maturity, that operated through a range of methods, such as ultraviolet laser–induced fluorescence, polymerase chain reaction, and long-wave infrared spectrometry.

"The partners appreciated the unique data they got and the opportunity to work with the MTA and experience an environment and customer base that they may not have anticipated before," Vian says.

The team finished testing in 2024 and has delivered the final report to the DHS. The MTA will use the report to help expand their PROTECT chemical detection system (originally developed by Argonne National Laboratory) from Grand Central Station into adjacent stations. They expect to complete this work in 2026.

"The value of this program cannot be overstated. This partnership with DHS and MIT Lincoln Laboratory has led to the identification of the best-suited systems for the MTA’s unique operating environment," says Michael Gemelli, director of chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear/WMD detection and mitigation at the New York MTA.

"Other transit authorities can leverage these results to start building effective chemical and biological defense systems for their own specific spaces and threat priorities," adds Benjamin Ervin, leader of Lincoln Laboratory's Counter–WMD Systems Group. "Specific test and evaluation within the operational environment of interest, however, is always recommended to ensure defense system objectives are met."

Building these types of decision-making reports for airborne chemical and biological sensing has been a part of Lincoln Laboratory's mission since the mid-1990s. The laboratory also helped to define priorities in the field when DHS was forming in the early 2000s.

Beyond this study, the Lincoln Laboratory is leading several other projects focused on forecasting the impact of novel chemical and biological threats within multiple domains — military, space, agriculture, health, etc. — and on prototyping rapid, autonomous, high-confidence biological identification capabilities for the homeland to provide actionable evidence of hazardous environments.