Nature Climate Change, Published online: 18 March 2026; doi:10.1038/s41558-026-02601-4

Antarctic sea ice declined sharply between 2015 and 2017, and this study uses ocean observations and atmospheric data to determine contributing factors. The authors show that thinning of Winter Water in the previous decade, followed by strong winds, brought warm deep water into contact with sea ice.

Professor John Ochsendorf, a member of the MIT faculty since 2002, is taking on a new role in support of the research efforts of faculty and students in the MIT School of Architecture and Planning (SA+P). At the start of this year, Ochsendorf was appointed to lead an initiative strengthening research strategy, support, and funding across the school.

“John is a bridge-builder by instinct and practice, and we look forward to the bridges he will build between our school and industry, our school and MIT, and between research and pedagogy in our school,” says SA+P Dean Hashim Sarkis. The appointment comes as sponsored research across SA+P continues to grow, expanding opportunities for graduate research assistantships and interdisciplinary collaboration across MIT.

Ochsendorf is the Class of 1942 Professor with dual appointments in the departments of Architecture and Civil and Environmental Engineering in the MIT School of Engineering. At the center of his work is a deep commitment to students and education through research and making. For example, in close collaboration with students and alumni, he has contributed to projects ranging from the Sean Collier Memorial on campus to a recent Martin Puryear sculpture at Storm King Art Center. Since 2022, Ochsendorf has served as the founding director of the MIT Morningside Academy for Design, where he helped establish new models for design research, interdisciplinary collaboration, and student engagement across the Institute.

Ochsendorf describes the new role as both a “challenge and an opportunity” to support the considerable and increasingly broad portfolio of research across SA+P.

“We want to understand the current landscape of our research funding and identify the challenges and inefficiencies impacting faculty,” he notes. “The ultimate goal is to grow our research capacity for a world that needs the best ideas from MIT.”

The effort is consistent with SA+P’s history of pioneering research and pedagogic exploration. The Department of Architecture was among the first in the United States to establish doctoral programs within a school of architecture, including PhDs in history, theory, and criticism and in building technology. The Department of Urban Studies and Planning is home to the largest urban planning faculty in the country and maintains a variety of research labs, while Media Arts and Sciences and the Media Lab has a broad and deep research culture. Each of the school’s departments enjoys the advantage of operating within the context of MIT’s culture of innovation and interdisciplinary study. As new faculty hires have been increasingly research-driven, the time for developing and supporting robust research portfolios is now. 

Ochsendorf and his students’ research have bridged the spectrum from humanistic research supported by organizations such as the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Graham Foundation for Advanced Studies in the Fine Arts to more scientific research supported by the National Science Foundation. In his new role, he will build on that experience to work with faculty and Institute partners to strengthen grant development, clarify research priorities, and expand research capacity across SA+P.

“I’ve always loved being at MIT because of the team spirit here,” says Ochsendorf. “We’re a place where we try to support each other, and it’s because of this environment that I am excited about this new role.”

The United States and China “are the two largest emitters of carbon in the world,” said Nicholas Burns, former U.S. ambassador to the People’s Republic of China, at a recent MIT seminar. “We need to work with each other for the good of both of our countries.” 

During the MITEI Presents: Advancing the Energy Transition presentation, Burns gave insight into the evolving state of U.S.-China relations, its implications for the global order, and its impact on global efforts to advance the energy transition and address climate change.

“We are the two largest global economies,” said Burns, who is now the Goodman Professor of the Practice of Diplomacy and International Relations at Harvard University’s Kennedy School of Government. “These are the only two countries that affect everybody else in the international system because of our weight.”

The relationship between the United States and China can be summarized in three words, according to Burns: competitive, tough, and adversarial — a description that rings true on both sides. He listed four primary areas for this competition: military, technology, trade and economics, and values.

Burns described the especially complicated area of trade and economics. “We both want to be number one. Neither of us — to be honest — is willing to be number two,” said Burns. Outside of North America, China is the United States’ largest trade partner. Outright trade wars — like those in April and October 2025 — create friction. “At one point, you’ll remember, 145 percent tariffs by the United States, and 125 percent by China on the United States. That just grinds a relationship. Those level of tariffs, had they been sustained, would have meant zero trade between the two countries.”

The energy field can be significantly impacted by this area of competition, Burns added. China is dominant in the production and processing of rare earth elements, many of which are critical to products like lithium batteries, solar panels, and electric vehicles. In 2024 and 2025, the United States was not the only country to place tariffs on these products; India, Turkey, South Africa, Mexico, Canada, the EU, and others followed suit. “I think the Trump administration is right, as President Biden was, to try to diversify sources on rare earths,” Burns said.

Burns also noted with interest the dichotomy in the Chinese energy sector between their lead on clean energy technology and their continual use of coal, standing out as an inconsistency in China’s efforts. Burns believes that climate change could be a key area of cooperation between China and the United States, emphasizing the importance of the United States’ participation, both technologically and diplomatically.

Burns also described the significant technological competition between the United States and China — an area of central importance. Throughout his presentation, Burns was quick to praise the emphasis that China puts on education and academic achievement, particularly in STEM fields. Pulling from a recent article in The Economist, he compared the 36 percent of Chinese first-year university students majoring in STEM fields to the 5 percent of American first-year students in STEM. “Think about the volume of graduates and the disparity between our country and China,” he said. “Then think about the percentage of those graduates who go into science and technology.”

Currently, areas like artificial intelligence, quantum computing, and biotechnology are taking center stage in technological innovation. “The Chinese are very skilled in terms of industrial processes and doctrine of adapting quickly,” said Burns. He explained that holding a competitive edge lies not only in who is first on the market, but who adopts the technology first, and who is able to unite that technological progress with policy.

“This is the most important relationship that we have in the world,” said Burns. He believes that the true test is whether the United States and China can manage competition so that interests are protected, while avoiding the use of the massive destructive power both countries possess. “We’ve got to normalize the communication and engagement to prevent the worst from happening,” said Burns.

“We’re at a stage of human history where we’re all linked together, and the fate of everybody in this room and all of our countries is linked together by these huge transnational challenges,” said Burns. “We’ve got to learn to compete and yet live in peace with each other in the process.”

This speaker series highlights energy experts and leaders at the forefront of the scientific, technological, and policy solutions needed to transform our energy systems. Visit MITEI’s Events page for more information on this and additional events.

The early years of faculty members’ careers are a formative and exciting time in which to establish a firm footing that helps determine the trajectory of researchers’ studies. This includes building a research team, which demands innovative ideas and direction, creative collaborators, and reliable resources. 

For a group of MIT faculty working with and on artificial intelligence, early engagement with the MIT-IBM Watson AI Lab through projects has played an important role helping to promote ambitious lines of inquiry and shaping prolific research groups.

Building momentum

“The MIT-IBM Watson AI Lab has been hugely important for my success, especially when I was starting out,” says Jacob Andreas — associate professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), a member of the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL), and a researcher with the MIT-IBM Watson AI Lab — who studies natural language processing (NLP). Shortly after joining MIT, Andreas jump-started his first major project through the MIT-IBM Watson AI Lab, working on language representation and structured data augmentation methods for low-resource languages. “It really was the thing that let me launch my lab and start recruiting students.” 

Andreas notes that this occurred during a “pivotal moment” when the field of NLP was undergoing significant shifts to understand language models — a task that required significantly more compute, which was available through the MIT-IBM Watson AI Lab. “I feel like the kind of the work that we did under that [first] project, and in collaboration with all of our people on the IBM side, was pretty helpful in figuring out just how to navigate that transition.” Further, the Andreas group was able to pursue multi-year projects on pre-training, reinforcement learning, and calibration for trustworthy responses, thanks to the computing resources and expertise within the MIT-IBM community.

For several other faculty members, timely participation with the MIT-IBM Watson AI Lab proved to be highly advantageous as well. “Having both intellectual support and also being able to leverage some of the computational resources that are within MIT-IBM, that’s been completely transformative and incredibly important for my research program,” says Yoon Kim — associate professor in EECS, CSAIL, and a researcher with the MIT-IBM Watson AI Lab — who has also seen his research field alter trajectory. Before joining MIT, Kim met his future collaborators during an MIT-IBM postdoctoral position, where he pursued neuro-symbolic model development; now, Kim’s team develops methods to improve large language model (LLM) capabilities and efficiency. 

One factor he points to that led to his group’s success is a seamless research process with intellectual partners. This has allowed his MIT-IBM team to apply for a project, experiment at scale, identify bottlenecks, validate techniques, and adapt as necessary to develop cutting-edge methods for potential inclusion in real-world applications. “This is an impetus for new ideas, and that’s, I think, what’s unique about this relationship,” says Kim.

Merging expertise

The nature of the MIT-IBM Watson AI Lab is that it not only brings together researchers in the AI realm to accelerate research, but also blends work across disciplines. Lab researcher and MIT associate professor in EECS and CSAIL Justin Solomon describes his research group as growing up with the lab, and the collaboration as being “crucial … from its beginning until now.” Solomon’s research team focuses on theoretically oriented, geometric problems as they pertain to computer graphics, vision, and machine learning. 

Solomon credits the MIT-IBM collaboration with expanding his skill set as well as applications of his group’s work — a sentiment that’s also shared by lab researchers Chuchu Fan, an associate professor of aeronautics and astronautics and a member of the Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems, and Faez Ahmed, associate professor of mechanical engineering. “They [IBM] are able to translate some of these really messy problems from engineering into the sort of mathematical assets that our team can work on, and close the loop,” says Solomon. This, for Solomon, includes fusing distinct AI models that were trained on different datasets for separate tasks. “I think these are all really exciting spaces,” he says.

“I think these early-career projects [with the MIT-IBM Watson AI Lab] largely shaped my own research agenda,” says Fan, whose research intersects robotics, control theory, and safety-critical systems. Like Kim, Solomon, and Andreas, Fan and Ahmed began projects through the collaboration the first year they were able to at MIT. Constraints and optimization govern the problems that Fan and Ahmed address, and so require deep domain knowledge outside of AI. 

Working with the MIT-IBM Watson AI Lab enabled Fan’s group to combine formal methods with natural language processing, which she says, allowed the team to go from developing autoregressive task and motion planning for robots to creating LLM-based agents for travel planning, decision-making, and verification. “That work was the first exploration of using an LLM to translate any free-form natural language into some specification that robot can understand, can execute. That’s something that I’m very proud of, and very difficult at the time,” says Fan. Further, through joint investigation, her team has been able to improve LLM reasoning­ — work that “would be impossible without the IBM support,” she says.   

Through the lab, Faez Ahmed’s collaboration facilitated the development of machine-learning methods to accelerate discovery and design within complex mechanical systems. Their Linkages work, for instance, employs “generative optimization” to solve engineering problems in a way that is both data-driven and has precision; more recently, they’re applying multi-modal data and LLMs to computer-aided design. Ahmed states that AI is frequently applied to problems that are already solvable, but could benefit from increased speed or efficiency; however, challenges — like mechanical linkages that were deemed “almost unsolvable” — are now within reach. “I do think that is definitely the hallmark [of our MIT-IBM team],” says Ahmed, praising the achievements of his MIT-IBM group, which is co-lead by Akash Srivastava and Dan Gutfreund of IBM.

What began as initial collaborations for each MIT faculty member has evolved into a lasting intellectual relationship, where both parties are “excited about the science,” and “student-driven,” Ahmed adds. Taken together, the experiences of Jacob Andreas, Yoon Kim, Justin Solomon, Chuchu Fan, and Faez Ahmed speak to the impact that a durable, hands-on, academia-industry relationship can have on establishing research groups and ambitious scientific exploration.

When patients undergo general anesthesia, doctors can choose among several drugs. Although each of these drugs acts on neurons in different ways, they all lead to the same result: a disruption of the brain’s balance between stability and excitability, according to a new MIT study.

This disruption causes neural activity to become increasingly unstable, until the brain loses consciousness, the researchers found. The discovery of this common mechanism could make it easier to develop new technologies for monitoring patients while they are undergoing anesthesia.

“What’s exciting about that is the possibility of a universal anesthesia-delivery system that can measure this one signal and tell how unconscious you are, regardless of which drugs they’re using in the operating room,” says Earl Miller, the Picower Professor of Neuroscience and a member of MIT’s Picower Institute for Learning and Memory.

Miller, Edward Hood Taplin Professor of Medical Engineering and Computational Neuroscience Emery Brown, and their colleagues are now working on an automated control system for delivery of anesthesia drugs, which would measure the brain’s stability using EEG and then automatically adjust the drug dose. This could help doctors ensure that patients stay unconscious throughout surgery without becoming too deeply unconscious, which can have negative side effects following the procedure.

Miller and Ila Fiete, a professor of brain and cognitive sciences, the director of the K. Lisa Yang Integrative Computational Neuroscience Center (ICoN), and a member of MIT’s McGovern Institute for Brain Research, are the senior authors of the new study, which appears today in Cell Reports. MIT graduate student Adam Eisen is the paper’s lead author.

Destabilizing the brain

Exactly how anesthesia drugs cause the brain to lose consciousness has been a longstanding question in neuroscience. In 2024, a study from Miller’s and Fiete’s labs suggested that for propofol, the answer is that anesthesia works by disrupting the balance between stability and excitability in the brain.

When someone is awake, their brain is able to maintain this delicate balance, responding to sensory information or other input and then returning to a stable baseline.

“The nervous system has to operate on a knife’s edge in this narrow range of excitability,” Miller says. “It has to be excitable enough so different parts can influence one another, but if it gets too excited it goes off into chaotic activity.”

In that 2024 study, the researchers found that propofol knocks the brain out of this state, known as “dynamic stability.” As doses of the drug increased, the brain took longer and longer to return to its baseline state after responding to new input. This effect became increasingly pronounced until consciousness was lost.

For that study, the researchers devised a computational model that analyzes neural activity recorded from the brain. This technique allowed them to determine how the brain responds to perturbations such as an auditory tone or other sensory input, and how long it takes to return to its baseline stability.

In their new study, the researchers used the same technique to measure how the brain responds to not only propofol but two additional anesthesia drugs — ketamine and dexmedetomidine. Animals were given one of the three drugs while their brain activity was analyzed, including their response to auditory tones.

This study showed that the same destabilization induced by propofol also appears during administration of the other two drugs. This “universal signature” appears even though the three drugs have different molecular mechanisms: propofol binds to GABA receptors, inhibiting neurons that have those receptors; dexmedetomidine blocks the release of norepinephrine; and ketamine blocks NMDA receptors, suppressing neurons with those receptors.

Each of these pathways, the researchers hypothesize, affect the brain’s balance of stability and excitability in different ways, and each leads to an overall destabilization of this balance.

“All three of these drugs appear to do the exact same thing,” Miller says. “In fact, you could look at the destabilization measure we use and you can’t tell which drug is being applied.”

The researchers now plan to further investigate how each of these drugs may give rise to the same patterns of brain destabilization.

“The molecular mechanisms of ketamine and dexmedetomidine are a bit more involved than propofol mechanisms,” Eisen says. “A future direction is to do a meaningful model of what the biophysical effects of those are and see how that could lead to destabilization.”

Monitoring anesthesia

Now that the researchers have shown that three different anesthesia drugs produce similar destabilization patterns in the brain, they believe that measuring those patterns could offer a valuable way to monitor patients during anesthesia. While anesthesia is overall a very safe procedure, it does carry some risks, especially for very young children and for people over 65.

For adults suffering from dementia, anesthesia can make the condition worse, and it can also exacerbate neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression. These risks are higher if patients go into a deeper state of unconsciousness known as burst suppression.

To help reduce those risks, Miller and Brown, who is also an anesthesiologist at MGH, are developing a prototype device that can measure patients’ EEG readings while under anesthesia and adjust their dose accordingly. Currently, doctors monitor patients’ heart rate, blood pressure, and other vital signs during surgery, but these don’t give as accurate a reading of how deeply the patient is unconscious.

“If you can limit people’s exposure to anesthesia, if you give just enough and no more, you can reduce risks across the board,” Miller says.

Working with researchers at Brown University, the MIT team is now planning to run a small clinical trial of their monitoring device with patients undergoing surgery.

The research was funded by the U.S. Office of Naval Research, the National Institute of Mental Health, the Simons Center for the Social Brain, the Freedom Together Foundation, the Picower Institute, the National Science Foundation Computer and Information Science and Engineering Directorate, the Simons Collaboration on the Global Brain, the McGovern Institute, and the National Institutes of Health.

Energy Secretary Chris Wright threatened to quit the International Energy Agency about 10 days before the U.S.-Israel war on Iran plunged the world into energy volatility.

The surprise decision comes as the president’s nominee for Homeland Security secretary faces a confirmation hearing Wednesday.

The nonprofit manager of the National Center for Atmospheric Research is suing over what it called a "campaign of retribution" against Gov. Jared Polis.

A looming water shortage in Corpus Christi could disrupt life for residents and refineries, but the state’s Republican governor says Texans will be protected.

A new study finds that hundreds of thousands of people could die every year as heat lowers their activity levels.

Most joined DOJ last year as career environmental lawyers exited. Some have worked for Trump-aligned law firms and clerked for conservative Supreme Court justices.

The judges appeared confused about whether the Trump administration's termination made the grant money subject to rescission under the One Big Beautiful Bill Act.

The owner of aging fossil fuel generators has proposed updating the Narrows and Gowanus power plants to ensure reliability.

A push by some countries to revamp key green legislation as the Iran crisis drives up energy bills is flatlining.

Disruptions to oil and gas shipments due to the war with Iran may strengthen the case for renewable energy investment since they show how vulnerable such supply routes can be, an analyst said.

Statkraft CEO Birgitte Vartdal’s comments come as EU nations discuss ways to curb energy prices, as concerns mount over the economic impact of the Iran war.

An expensive mistake:

Someone jumped at the opportunity to steal $4.4 million in crypto assets after South Korea’s National Tax Service exposed publicly the mnemonic recovery phrase of a seized cryptocurrency wallet.

The funds were stored in a Ledger cold wallet seized in law enforcement raids at 124 high-value tax evaders that resulted in confiscating digital assets worth 8.1 billion won (currently approximately $5.6 million).

When announcing the success of the operation, the agency released photos of a Ledger device, a popular hardware wallet for crypto storage and management...

While How to Fix the Internet is on hiatus, we wanted to share a great conversation with you from last week. EFF Executive Director Cindy Cohn spoke with bestselling novelist, journalist, and EFF Special Advisor Cory Doctorow about Cindy’s new book, “Privacy’s Defender: My Thirty-Year Fight Against Digital Surveillance” (MIT Press).

%3Ciframe%20height%3D%2252px%22%20width%3D%22100%25%22%20frameborder%3D%22no%22%20scrolling%3D%22no%22%20seamless%3D%22%22%20src%3D%22https%3A%2F%2Fplayer.simplecast.com%2F6c05474d-b4a1-4ffb-8ad8-943bccf09a10%3Fdark%3Dtrue%26amp%3Bcolor%3D000000%22%20allow%3D%22autoplay%22%3E%3C%2Fiframe%3E Privacy info. This embed will serve content from simplecast.com

    

You can also listen to this episode on the Internet Archive or watch the video on YouTube.

Part memoir, part battle cry, “Privacy’s Defender” is the story of Cindy’s fights alongside the visionaries who looked at the early internet and understood that the legal and political battles over this new technology - the Crypto Wars, the NSA’s dragnet, the FBI gag orders - were really over the future of free speech, privacy, and power for all. 

Cindy Cohn and Cory Doctorow at City Lights.jpg This conversation was recorded on Tuesday, March 10 in front of a packed house at San Francisco’s iconic City Lights Bookstore. For more about the book and Cindy’s national book tour - with stops in places including Seattle, Silicon Valley, Denver, Boston, Ann Arbor, Iowa City, Washington DC and New York City - check out https://www.eff.org/Privacys-Defender  

And finally, stay tuned to this feed; we’re working on a special podcast series featuring key players and moments from the book! 

Resources: 

• The Crypto Wars: Bernstein v. US Department of Justice
• NSA Spying: Hepting v. AT&T
• NSA Spying: Jewel v. NSA
• EFF’s National Security Letter lawsuits 

Nature Climate Change, Published online: 17 March 2026; doi:10.1038/s41558-026-02595-z

Technology advancement is essential for climate action, yet the uneven distribution of technological progress across the world can slow mitigation. Through empirical and scenario analysis, researchers find that participating in trade agreements could enhance technological transfers and lead to emission reductions.

Zora Neale Hurston remains one of America’s best-known authors. Charles Henry Turner developed landmark studies about the behavior of bees and spiders. Brian Wilson founded the Beach Boys. George Nissen invented the trampoline. What do they all have in common?

Well, for one thing, they were all innovative Americans — creators and discoverers, producing work no one anticipated. For another, they are all now celebrated as such, in verse, by Joshua Bennett.

That’s right. Bennett — an MIT professor, lauded poet, and literary scholar — is marking the 250th anniversary of the founding of the U.S. with a book-length work of poetry about the country and some of its distinctive figures. In fact, 50 of them: Bennett has written a substantial work featuring remarkable people or inventions from each of the 50 states, meditating on their place in cultural fabric of the U.S.

“There’s so much to be said for a country where you and I are possible, and the things we do are possible,” Bennett says.

The book, “We (The People of the United States),” is published today by Penguin Books. Bennett is a professor and the Distinguished Chair of the Humanities at MIT.

Bennett’s new work has some prominent Americans in it, but is no gauzy listing of familiar icons. Many of the 50 people in his book overcame hardship, poverty, rejection, or discrimination; some have already been rescued from obscurity, but others have not received proper acclaim. Few of them had a straightforward, simple connection with their times.

“It’s about feeling that you have a life in this country which is undeniably complex, but also has this remarkable beauty to it,” Bennett says of the work. “A beauty you helped to create, and that no one can take away from you.”

The figures that Bennett writes about are sources of fascination, and inspiration, demonstrating the kinds of lives it is possible to invent in the U.S.

“We’re in a moment that calls for compelling, historically grounded stories about what America is, what it has been, and what it can be,” Bennett adds. “Can we build a life-affirming vision for the future and those who will inherit it? I’m trying to. I work on it every day.”

Taking flight

“We (The People of the United States)” is inspired, in part, by Virgil’s “Georgics,” pastoral poems by the great Roman poet. Bennett encountered them while a PhD student in literature at Princeton University.

“The poet Susan Stewart, my professor at Princeton, introduced me to Virgil’s Georgics,” Bennett says. “I eventually started to think: What would it look like for me to cover Virgil?” Adding to his interest in the concept, one of his favorite poets, Gwendolyn Brooks, had spent time recasting Virgil’s ancient epic, “The Aeneid,” for her Pulitzer Prize-winning work, “Annie Allen.” She also translated the original work from Latin as a teenager. Moreover, Bennett’s writing has long engaged with the subject of people working the land in America.

“I decided to start writing all these poems about agriculture,” Bennett says. “But then I thought, this would be interesting as an epic poem about America.” As he launched the project, its focus shifted some more: “I started to think about the book as an ode to invention.”

Soon Bennett had worked out the structure. An opening section of the work is about his own family background, becoming a father, and the process of building a life here in Massachusetts.

“Where does my influence, my aspiration, end and the child begin?” Bennett writes in one poem. That section prefigures further themes in the collection about the domestic environments many of its figures emerged from. For the rest of the work, with one innovator or innovation for each of the 50 states, Bennett adopted a regular writing schedule, producing at least one new poem per week until he was finished. 

Hurston, one of several famous authors and artists featured in the book, represents Florida. From Ohio, entomologist Charles Henry Turner was the first Black person to receive a PhD from the University of Chicago, in 1907, before conducting a wide range of studies about the cognition and behavior of spiders and bees, among other things.

George Nissen, alternately, was a University of Iowa gymnast who built the first trampoline in the 1930s in his home state — something Bennett calls a “magical device” that brings to life “the scene in your mind of the leap/and of the leap itself, where you are airborne, illuminated/quickly immortal.” Whether these innovations appear through rigorous academic exploration or became mass-market goods that produce flights of fancy, Bennett has a keen eye for people who break new ground and fire our own feelings of wonder.

“We actually are all bound up in it together,” Bennett says. “These different figures, from various fields, eras, and lifelong pursuits are in here together precisely because they helped weave the story of this country together. It’s a story that is still unfolding.”

Bennett is straightforward about the struggles many of his subjects faced. His choice to represent North Carolina is the poet George Moses Horton, an enslaved man who not only learned to read and write in the early 1800s — the state later made that illegal for enslaved persons, in 1830 — but made money selling poems to University of North Carolina students. Indeed, Horton’s work was published in the 1820s. Bennett writes that Horton’s public performance of his poetry was “an ancient art revived in the flesh of a prodigy in chains.”

Bennett’s unblinking regard for historical reality is a motif throughout the work. “To me it’s not only about exploring a history that a reader might feel connected to or want to learn more about,” he says. “It’s about honoring those who lived that history, who helped make some of the most beautiful parts of the present possible, through an engagement with the substance of their lives.”

Just my imagination

Many figures in “We (The People of the United States)” are artists, but of many forms. From watching VH1 as a child, Bennett got into the Beach Boys, and he devotes the California entry in the poem to them. Or as Bennett puts it, he was “newly initiated into a sound/I do not understand until I am old enough to be nostalgic/for windswept locales, and singular moments in time/I never lived through.”

Bennett was learning about the Beach Boys while growing up in Yonkers, New York, far from any California beaches. But then, Brian Wilson wasn’t a surfer either — he grew up in an industrial suburb of Los Angeles. Imagination was the coin of the realm for Wilson, something Bennett understood when Beach Boys songs would veer off in unexpected directions.

“I’ve always been drawn to moments of great surprise, or revelation, in the works of art I love,” Bennett says. “Which is part of why I’ve dedicated my life to poetry. You think one thing is happening in a poem, and suddenly that shock comes, that unexpected turn, or volta. Brian Wilson always had a great understanding of that. It works in pop music. Surprise, sometimes, is a shift in register that takes you higher.”

Various poems in the collection have down-to-earth origins. Bennett remembers his father often fixing things in the family home, from toys to the boiler, saying, “Pass me the Phillips-head,” when he needed a screwdriver. Thus Oregon appears in the book: Portland is where the Phillips-head screwdriver was invented.

In conversation, Bennett notes the hopeful disposition of his father, who after living through Jim Crow and serving in the Vietnam War, worked 10-hour shifts at the U.S. Postal Service to support his family. Even with all the difficulty he experienced in his life, Bennett’s father always encouraged his son to pursue his dreams.

“I’m grateful that I inherited a profound sense of belonging, and dignity, from my parents,” Bennett says. “There was always this feeling that we were part of a much larger story, and that we had a responsibility to tell the truth about the world as we knew it.”

And that’s really what Bennett’s new book is about.

“We can reckon with our history in its fullness and work, tirelessly, toward a world that’s worthy of the most vulnerable among us,” Bennett says. “Like Toni Morrison, we can ‘dream the world as it ought to be.’ And then make it real. That’s my vision.”