The government fleshed out the goal Prime Minister Keir Starmer announced at the COP29 summit in November.

An official said the adaptation framework will outline how the government and councils will share the costs of climate-related measures such as flood protection.

Drone shows are an increasingly popular form of large-scale light display. These shows incorporate hundreds to thousands of airborne bots, each programmed to fly in paths that together form intricate shapes and patterns across the sky. When they go as planned, drone shows can be spectacular. But when one or more drones malfunction, as has happened recently in Florida, New York, and elsewhere, they can be a serious hazard to spectators on the ground.

Drone show accidents highlight the challenges of maintaining safety in what engineers call “multiagent systems” — systems of multiple coordinated, collaborative, and computer-programmed agents, such as robots, drones, and self-driving cars.

Now, a team of MIT engineers has developed a training method for multiagent systems that can guarantee their safe operation in crowded environments. The researchers found that once the method is used to train a small number of agents, the safety margins and controls learned by those agents can automatically scale to any larger number of agents, in a way that ensures the safety of the system as a whole.

In real-world demonstrations, the team trained a small number of palm-sized drones to safely carry out different objectives, from simultaneously switching positions midflight to landing on designated moving vehicles on the ground. In simulations, the researchers showed that the same programs, trained on a few drones, could be copied and scaled up to thousands of drones, enabling a large system of agents to safely accomplish the same tasks.

“This could be a standard for any application that requires a team of agents, such as warehouse robots, search-and-rescue drones, and self-driving cars,” says Chuchu Fan, associate professor of aeronautics and astronautics at MIT. “This provides a shield, or safety filter, saying each agent can continue with their mission, and we’ll tell you how to be safe.”

Fan and her colleagues report on their new method in a study appearing this month in the journal IEEE Transactions on Robotics. The study’s co-authors are MIT graduate students Songyuan Zhang and Oswin So as well as former MIT postdoc Kunal Garg, who is now an assistant professor at Arizona State University.

Mall margins

When engineers design for safety in any multiagent system, they typically have to consider the potential paths of every single agent with respect to every other agent in the system. This pair-wise path-planning is a time-consuming and computationally expensive process. And even then, safety is not guaranteed.

“In a drone show, each drone is given a specific trajectory — a set of waypoints and a set of times — and then they essentially close their eyes and follow the plan,” says Zhang, the study’s lead author. “Since they only know where they have to be and at what time, if there are unexpected things that happen, they don’t know how to adapt.”

The MIT team looked instead to develop a method to train a small number of agents to maneuver safely, in a way that could efficiently scale to any number of agents in the system. And, rather than plan specific paths for individual agents, the method would enable agents to continually map their safety margins, or boundaries beyond which they might be unsafe. An agent could then take any number of paths to accomplish its task, as long as it stays within its safety margins.

In some sense, the team says the method is similar to how humans intuitively navigate their surroundings.

“Say you’re in a really crowded shopping mall,” So explains. “You don’t care about anyone beyond the people who are in your immediate neighborhood, like the 5 meters surrounding you, in terms of getting around safely and not bumping into anyone. Our work takes a similar local approach.”

Safety barrier

In their new study, the team presents their method, GCBF+, which stands for “Graph Control Barrier Function.” A barrier function is a mathematical term used in robotics that calculates a sort of safety barrier, or a boundary beyond which an agent has a high probability of being unsafe. For any given agent, this safety zone can change moment to moment, as the agent moves among other agents that are themselves moving within the system.

When designers calculate barrier functions for any one agent in a multiagent system, they typically have to take into account the potential paths and interactions with every other agent in the system. Instead, the MIT team’s method calculates the safety zones of just a handful of agents, in a way that is accurate enough to represent the dynamics of many more agents in the system.

“Then we can sort of copy-paste this barrier function for every single agent, and then suddenly we have a graph of safety zones that works for any number of agents in the system,” So says.

To calculate an agent’s barrier function, the team’s method first takes into account an agent’s “sensing radius,” or how much of the surroundings an agent can observe, depending on its sensor capabilities. Just as in the shopping mall analogy, the researchers assume that the agent only cares about the agents that are within its sensing radius, in terms of keeping safe and avoiding collisions with those agents.

Then, using computer models that capture an agent’s particular mechanical capabilities and limits, the team simulates a “controller,” or a set of instructions for how the agent and a handful of similar agents should move around. They then run simulations of multiple agents moving along certain trajectories, and record whether and how they collide or otherwise interact.

“Once we have these trajectories, we can compute some laws that we want to minimize, like say, how many safety violations we have in the current controller,” Zhang says. “Then we update the controller to be safer.”

In this way, a controller can be programmed into actual agents, which would enable them to continually map their safety zone based on any other agents they can sense in their immediate surroundings, and then move within that safety zone to accomplish their task.

“Our controller is reactive,” Fan says. “We don’t preplan a path beforehand. Our controller is constantly taking in information about where an agent is going, what is its velocity, how fast other drones are going. It’s using all this information to come up with a plan on the fly and it’s replanning every time. So, if the situation changes, it’s always able to adapt to stay safe.”

The team demonstrated GCBF+ on a system of eight Crazyflies — lightweight, palm-sized quadrotor drones that they tasked with flying and switching positions in midair. If the drones were to do so by taking the straightest path, they would surely collide. But after training with the team’s method, the drones were able to make real-time adjustments to maneuver around each other, keeping within their respective safety zones, to successfully switch positions on the fly.

In similar fashion, the team tasked the drones with flying around, then landing on specific Turtlebots — wheeled robots with shell-like tops. The Turtlebots drove continuously around in a large circle, and the Crazyflies were able to avoid colliding with each other as they made their landings.

“Using our framework, we only need to give the drones their destinations instead of the whole collision-free trajectory, and the drones can figure out how to arrive at their destinations without collision themselves,” says Fan, who envisions the method could be applied to any multiagent system to guarantee its safety, including collision avoidance systems in drone shows, warehouse robots, autonomous driving vehicles, and drone delivery systems.

This work was partly supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation, MIT Lincoln Laboratory under the Safety in Aerobatic Flight Regimes (SAFR) program, and the Defence Science and Technology Agency of Singapore.

Nature Climate Change, Published online: 31 January 2025; doi:10.1038/s41558-024-02240-7

The interactions between mitigation policies could hinder China’s progress toward carbon neutrality by limiting the space for effective policy implementation. Policymakers should emphasize optimizing the combination of these policies to ensure efficient decarbonization.

Nature Climate Change, Published online: 31 January 2025; doi:10.1038/s41558-024-02237-2

Various policy instruments are proposed to meet mitigation targets, yet the synergistic and trade-off effects of interactions are less understood. With rich scenarios of policy mixes, the authors demonstrate that in most cases these interactions will delay the achievement of carbon targets in China.

In the first weeks of the Trump Administration, we have witnessed a spate of sweeping, confusing, and likely unconstitutional executive orders, including some that have already had devastating human consequences. EFF is tracking many of them, as well as other developments that impact digital rights. 

Right now, we want to draw attention to one of the executive orders that directly impacts the freedom tools that people around the world rely on to safeguard their security, privacy, and anonymity. EFF understands how critical these tools are – protecting the ability to make and share anticensorship, privacy and anonymity-protecting technologies has been central to our work since the Crypto Wars of the 1990s.

This executive order called the Reevaluating and Realigning United States Foreign Aid has led the State Department to immediately suspend its contracts with hundreds of organizations in the U.S. and around the world that have received support through programs administered by the State Department, including through its Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. This includes many freedom technologies that use cryptography, fight censorship, protect freedom of speech, privacy and anonymity for millions of people around the world.  While the State Department has issued some limited waivers, so far those waivers do not seem to cover the open source internet freedom technologies.  As a result, many of these projects have to stop or severely curtail their work, lay off talented workers, and stop or slow further development. 

There are many examples of freedom technologies, but here are a few that should be readily understandable to EFF’s audience: First, the Tor Project, which helps ensure that people can navigate the internet securely and privately and without fear of being tracked, both protecting themselves and avoiding censorship. Second, the Guardian Project, which creates privacy tools, open-source software libraries, and customized software solutions that can be used by individuals and groups around the world to protect personal data from unjust intrusion, interception and monitoring. Third, the Open Observatory of Network Interference, or OONI, has been carefully measuring government internet censorship in countries around the world since 2012. Fourth, the Save App from OpenArchive, is a mobile app designed to help people securely  archive, verify, and encrypt their mobile media and preserve it on the Internet Archive and decentralized web storage.

We hope that cutting off support for these and similar tools and technologies of freedom is only a temporary oversight, and that more clear thinking about these and many similar projects will result in full reinstatement. After all, these tools support people working for freedom consistent with this administration’s foreign policy objectives  —including in places like Iran, Venezuela, Cuba, North Korea, and China, just to name a few. By helping people avoid censorship, protect their speech, document human rights abuses, and retain privacy and anonymity, this work literally saves lives.

U.S. government funding helps these organizations do the less glamorous work of developing and maintaining deeply technical tools and getting them into the hands of people who need them. That is, and should remain, in the U.S. government’s interest. And sadly, it’s not work that is easily fundable otherwise. But technical people understand that these tools require ongoing support by dedicated, talented people to keep them running and available.

It’s hard to imagine that this work does not align with U.S. government priorities under any administration, and certainly not one that has stressed its commitment to fighting censorship and supporting digital technologies like cryptocurrencies that use some of the same privacy and anonymity-protecting techniques. These organizations exist to use technology to protect freedom around the world.

We urge the new administration to restore support for these critical internet freedom tools.

If there is one axiom that we should want to be true about the internet, it should be: the internet never forgets. One of the advantages of our advancing technology is that information can be stored and shared more easily than ever before. And, even more crucially, it can be stored in multiple places.  

Those who back things up and index information are critical to preserving a shared understanding of facts and history, because the powerful will always seek to influence the public’s perception of them. It can be as subtle as organizing a campaign to downrank articles about their misdeeds, or as unsubtle as removing previously available information about themselves. 

This is often called “memory-holing,” after the incinerator chutes in George Orwell’s 1984 that burned any reference to the past that the government had changed. One prominent pre-internet example is Disney’s ongoing battle to remove Song of the South from public consciousness. (One can wonder if they might have succeeded if not for the internet). Instead of acknowledging mistakes, memory-holing allows powerful people, companies, and governments to pretend they never made the mistake in the first place.  

It also allows those same actors to pretend that they haven’t made a change, and that a policy rule or definition has always been the same. This creates an impression of permanency where, historically, there was fluidity. 

One of the fastest and easiest routes to the memory hole is a copyright claim. One particularly egregious practice is when a piece of media that is critical of someone, or just embarrassing to them, is copied and backdated. Then, that person or their agent claims their copy is the “original” and that the real article is “infringement.” Once the real article is removed, the copy is also disappeared and legitimate speech vanishes.  

Another frequent tactic is to claim copyright infringement when someone’s own words, images, or websites are used against them, despite it being fair use. A recent example is reporter Marisa Kabas receiving a takedown notice for sharing a screenshot of a politician’s campaign website that showed him with his cousin, alleged UHC shooter Luigi Mangione. The screenshot was removed out of an abundance of caution, but proof of something newsworthy should not be so easy to disappear. And it wasn’t. The politician's website was changed to remove the picture, but a copy of the website before the change is preserved via the Internet Archive’s Wayback Machine.  

In fact, the Wayback Machine is one of the best tools people have to fight memory-holing. Changing your own website is the first step to making embarrassing facts disappear, but the Wayback Machine preserves earlier versions. Some seek to use copyright to have entire websites blocked or taken down, and once again the Wayback Machine preserves what once was.  

This isn’t to say that everyone should be judged by their worst day, immortalized on the internet forever. It is to say that tools to remove those things will, ultimately, be of more use to the powerful than the everyday person. Copyright does not let you disappear bad news about yourself. Because the internet never forgets.  

In medical school, Matthew Dolan ’81 briefly considered specializing in orthopedic surgery because of the materials science nature of the work — but he soon realized that he didn’t have the innate skills required for that type of work.

“I’ll be honest with you — I can’t parallel park,” he jokes. “You can consider a lot of things, but if you find the things that you’re good at and that excite you, you can hopefully move forward with those.”

Dolan certainly has, tackling problems from bench to bedside and beyond. Both in the United States and abroad through the U.S. Air Force, Dolan has emerged as a leader in immunology and virology, and has served as director of the Defense Institute for Medical Operations. He’s worked on everything from foodborne illnesses and Ebola to biological weapons and Covid-19, and has even been a guest speaker on NPR’s “Science Friday.”

“This is fun and interesting, and I believe that, and I work hard to convey that — and it’s contagious,” he says. “You can affect people with that excitement.”

Pieces of the puzzle

Dolan fondly recalls his years at MIT, and is still in touch with many of the “brilliant” and “interesting” friends he made while in Cambridge.

He notes that the challenges that were the most rewarding in his career were also the ones that MIT had uniquely prepared him for. Dolan, a Course 7 major, naturally took many classes outside of biology as part of his undergraduate studies: organic chemistry was foundational for understanding toxicology while studying chemical weapons, while pathogens like Legionella, which causes pneumonia and can spread through water systems such as ice machines or air conditioners, are solved at the interface between public health and ecology.

“I learned that learning can be a high-intensity experience,” Dolan recalls. “You can be aggressive in your learning; you can learn and excel in a wide variety of things and gather up all the knowledge and knowledgeable people to work together towards solutions.”

Dolan, for example, worked in the Amazon Basin in Peru on a public health crisis of a sharp rise in childhood mortality due to malaria. The cause was a few degrees removed from the immediate problem: human agriculture had affected the Amazon’s tributaries, leading to still and stagnant water where before there had been rushing streams and rivers. This change in the environment allowed a certain mosquito species of “avid human biters” to thrive. 

“It can be helpful and important for some people to have a really comprehensive and contextual view of scientific problems and biological problems,” he says. “It’s very rewarding to put the pieces in a puzzle like that together.”

Choosing To serve

Dolan says a key to finding meaning in his work, especially during difficult times, is a sentiment from Alsatian polymath and Nobel Peace Prize winner Albert Schweitzer: “The only ones among you who will be really happy are those who will have sought and found how to serve.”

One of Dolan’s early formative experiences was working in the heart of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, at a time when there was no effective treatment. No matter how hard he worked, the patients would still die.

“Failure is not an option — unless you have to fail. You can’t let the failures destroy you,” he says. “There are a lot of other battles out there, and it’s self-indulgent to ignore them and focus on your woe.”

Lasting impacts

Dolan couldn’t pick a favorite country, but notes that he’s always impressed seeing how people value the chance to excel with science and medicine when offered resources and respect. Ultimately, everyone he’s worked with, no matter their differences, was committed to solving problems and improving lives.

Dolan worked in Russia after the Berlin Wall fell, on HIV/AIDS in Moscow and tuberculosis in the Russian Far East. Although relations with Russia are currently tense, to say the least, Dolan remains optimistic for a brighter future.

“People that were staunch adversaries can go on to do well together,” he says. “Sometimes, peace leads to partnership. Remembering that it was once possible gives me great hope.”

Dolan understands that the most lasting impact he has had is, likely, teaching: Time marches on, and discoveries can be lost to history, but teaching and training people continues and propagates. In addition to guiding the next generation of health-care specialists, Dolan also developed programs in laboratory biosafety and biosecurity with the U.S. departments of State and Defense, and taught those programs around the world.

“Working in prevention gives you the chance to take care of process problems before they become people problems — patient care problems,” he says. “I have been so impressed with the courageous and giving people that have worked with me.” 

There are thousands of fake Reddit and WeTransfer webpages that are pushing malware. They exploit people who are using search engines to search sites like Reddit.

Unsuspecting victims clicking on the link are taken to a fake WeTransfer site that mimicks the interface of the popular file-sharing service. The ‘Download’ button leads to the Lumma Stealer payload hosted on “weighcobbweo[.]top.”

Boingboing post.

Late last year, Bumble finally rolled out its updated privacy policy after a coalition of twelve digital rights, LGBTQ+, human rights, and gender justice civil society organizations launched a campaign demanding stronger data protections.

Unfortunately, the company, like other dating apps, has not moved far enough, and continues to burden users with the responsibility of navigating misleading privacy settings on the app, as well as absorbing the consequences of infosec gaps, however severe. 

This should not be your responsibility—dating apps like Bumble should be prioritizing your privacy by default. This data falling into the wrong hands can come with unacceptable consequences, especially for those seeking reproductive health care, survivors of intimate partner violence, and members of the LGBTQ+ community. Laws should require companies to put our privacy over their profit, and we’re fighting hard for the introduction of comprehensive data privacy legislation in the U.S. to achieve this. 

But in the meantime, here’s a step-by-step guide on how to protect yourself and your most intimate information whilst using the dating service. 

Review Your Login Information

When you create a Bumble account, you have the option to use your phone number as a login, or use your Facebook, Google (on Android), or Apple (on iOS) account. If you use your phone number, you’ll get verification texts when you login from a new device and you won’t need any sort of password. 

Using your Apple, Google, or Facebook account might share some data with those services, but can also be a useful backup plan if you lose access to your phone number for whatever reason. Deciding if that trade-off is worth it is up to you. If you do choose to use those services, be sure to use a strong, unique password for your accounts and two-factor authentication. You can always review these login methods and add or remove one if you don’t want to use it anymore. 

• Tap the Profile option, then the gear in the upper-right corner. Scroll down to Security and Privacy > Ways you can log in and review your settings.

You can also optionally link your Spotify account to your Bumble profile. While this should only display your top artists, depending on how you use Spotify there’s always a chance a bug or change might reveal more than you intend. You can disable this integration if you want:

• Tap the Profile option, then “Complete Profile,” and scroll down the Spotify section at the bottom of that page. If the “Connect my Spotify” box is checked, tap it to uncheck the box. You can also follow Spotify’s directions to revoke app access there.

Disable Bumble’s Behavioral Ads

You don’t have many privacy options on Bumble, but there is one important setting we recommend changing: disable behavioral ads. By default, Bumble can take information from your profile and use that to display targeted ads, which track and target you based on your supposed interests. It’s best to turn this feature off:

• Tap the profile option, then the gear in the upper-right corner. 
• If you’re based in the U.S., scroll down to Security and Privacy > Privacy settings, and enable the option for “Do not use my profile information to show me relevant ads.” 
• If you’re based in Europe, scroll down to Security and Privacy > Privacy settings, and click “Reject all.”

You should also disable the advertising ID on your phone, helping limit what Bumble—and any other app—can access about you for behavioral ads.

• iPhone: Open Settings > Privacy & Security > Tracking, and set the toggle for “All Apps to Request to Track” to off.
• Android: Open Settings > Security & privacy > Privacy controls > Ads, and tap “Delete advertising ID.”

Review the Bumble Permissions on Your Phone

Bumble asks for a handful of permissions from your device, like access to your location and camera roll (and camera). It’s worth reviewing these permissions, and possibly changing them. 

Location

Bumble won’t work without some level of location access, but you can limit what it gets by only allowing the app to access your location when you have the app open. You can deny access to your “precise location,” which is your exact spot, and instead only provide a general location. This is sort of like providing the app access to your zip code instead of your exact address.

• iPhone: Open Settings > Privacy & Security > Location Services > Bumble. Select the option for “While Using the App,” and disable the toggle for “Precise Location.” 
• Android: Open Settings > Security & Privacy > Privacy Controls > Permission Manager > Location > Bumble. Select the option to “Allow only while using the app,” and disable the toggle for “Use precise location.”

Photos

In order to upload profile pictures, you’ve likely already given Bumble access to your photo roll. Giving Bumble access to your whole photo roll doesn’t upload every photo you’ve ever taken, but it’s still good practice to limit what the app can even access so there’s less room for mistakes. 

• iPhone: Open Settings > Privacy & Security > Photos > Bumble. Select the option for “Limited Access.”
• Android: Open Settings > Security & Privacy > Privacy Controls > Permission Manager > Photos and videos > Bumble. Select the option to “Allow limited access.”

Practice Communication Guidelines for Safer Use

As with any social app, it’s important to be mindful of what you share with others when you first chat, to not disclose any financial details, and to trust your gut if something feels off. It’s also useful to review your profile information now and again to make sure you’re still comfortable sharing what you’ve listed there. Bumble has some more instructions on how to protect your personal information.

If you decide you’re done with Bumble for good, then you should delete your account before deleting the app off your phone. In the Bumble app, tap the Profile option, then tap the gear icon. Scroll down to the bottom of that page, tap “Delete Account” and follow the on-screen directions. Once complete, go ahead and delete the app.

Whilst the privacy options at our disposal may seem inadequate to meet the difficult moments ahead of us, especially for vulnerable communities in the United States and across the globe, taking these small steps can prove essential to protecting you and your information. At the same time, we’re continuing our work with organizations like Mozilla and Ultra Violet to ensure that all corporations—including dating apps like Bumble—protect our most important private information. Finding love should not involve such a privacy impinging tradeoff.

Recipients of the $7 billion Solar For All program were locked out of an online portal that’s used to distribute federal funding.

The flagging industry could face financial jeopardy if the president places tariffs on Denmark for refusing to hand over the island.

Secretary of State Marco Rubio put the pause in place to determine whether the programs align with President Donald Trump's America First agenda.

During his confirmation hearing for HHS secretary, Robert F. Kennedy Jr. leaned in on his environmental credentials but refused to denounce President Donald Trump for calling climate change a hoax.

The administration’s request to delay a hearing was rejected, meaning it will have to defend a climate rule it wants to dismantle.

GOP lawmakers resisted the president’s suggestion FEMA might need to “go away,” but they support changes to the disaster response agency.

The Trump administration blamed increased vehicle prices on a Biden-era fuel economy rule. “It’s just way more complicated than that,” said one analyst.

The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California replaced Adel Hagekhalil with Deven Upadhyay after an investigation into claims of harassment.

Democratic legislators pushed for answers on Gov. Kathy Hochul’s delay of a climate funding rule and her $1 billion proposed one-time funding.

Lawmakers raised concerns about the speed of implementing state rules on transitioning heavy-duty vehicles off fossil fuels.